Prognostic factors of spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Univariate analysis of risk factors related to spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma

Variables	Patients (n = 79)	P value
Age (yr)	55.8 ± 12.6	< 0.001
Lesion length (cm)	7.7 ± 3.5	< 0.001
Number (1/2-3/≥ 5)	39/10/30	< 0.001
Location (left lobe/right lobe)	34/45	0.934
Cirrhosis (absence/presence)	30/49	< 0.001
Virus (None/HBV/HCV)	20/57/2	0.150
BCLC stage (A/B/C)	10/47/22	< 0.001
Treatment before rupture (absence/presence)	53/26	< 0.001
Treatment at rupture (conservative/TAE/surgery)	30/32/17	0.086
Treatment in the follow-up period (absence/presence)	60/19	< 0.001
WBC, × 109/L	12.4 ± 5.4	< 0.001
HB, g/L	106.2 ± 25.6	< 0.001
PLT, × 1010/L	171 ± 84.4	< 0.001
INR	1.3 ± 0.3	< 0.001
APTT, S	38.4 ± 7.2	< 0.001
ALT, U/L	127 ± 186.9	< 0.001
ALB, g/L	30.8 ± 7.3	< 0.001
TBil, umol/L	28.3 ± 20.9	< 0.001
HCO3-, mmol/L	23.3 ± 5.6	< 0.001
Crea, umol/L	95.7 ± 50.1	< 0.001
Child-Pugh	7.9 ± 1.8	< 0.001

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; TAE: Transarterial embolization; WBC: White blood cell count; HB: Hemoglobin; PLT: Platelet count; INR: International normalized ratio; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; ALT: Alanine transaminase; ALB: Albumin; TBil: Total bilirubin; HCO₃^-: Bicarbonate; Crea: Creatinine.

Table 2 Multivariate analysis of risk factors related to survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma rupture

Variables	HR	95%CI	P value
Age (yr)	0.96	0.93-1.00	0.026
Lesion length (cm)	1.46	1.23-1.73	< 0.001
Number	1.37	1.01-1.85	0.042
Cirrhosis (presence)	2.47	0.77-7.96	0.131
BCLC stage A (control)	-	-	-
BCLC stage B	0.10	0.02-0.41	0.002
BCLC stage C	0.19	0.03-1.01	0.052
Treatment before rupture (presence)	4.36	1.27-14.99	0.019
Treatment in follow-up period (presence)	0.21	0.07-0.67	0.008
WBC, × 109/L	1.04	0.96-1.13	0.375
HB, g/L	0.99	0.97-1.00	0.314
PLT, × 1010/L	1.00	0.99-1.00	0.143
INR	0.39	0.04-3.60	0.406
APTT, S	1.07	0.99-1.15	0.103
ALT, U/L	1.00	1.00-1.01	0.011
ALB, g/L	0.89	0.81-0.97	0.010
TBil, umol/L	1.00	0.97-1.02	0.735
HCO3-, mmol/L	1.18	1.08-1.28	< 0.001
Crea, umol/L	1.01	1.00-1.02	0.089
Child-Pugh	1.03	0.59-1.80	0.905

WBC: White blood cell count; HB: Hemoglobin; PLT: Platelet count; INR: International normalized ratio; APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; ALT: Alanine transaminase; ALB: Albumin; TBil: Total bilirubin; HCO₃^-: Bicarbonate; Crea: Creatinine.