Pancreatic fat and β-cell function in overweight/obese children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of overweight/obese children with and without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Characteristics	NAFLD	No NAFLD	P value
	(n = 80)	(n = 78)
Age, yr	12.0 (2.3)	12.0 (2.2)	0.91
Male gender, n (%)	52 (65.0)	47 (60.2)	0.44
BMI-SD score	2.0 (0.41)	1.9 (0.37)	0.20
Waist circumference, cm	94 (11)	89 (11)	0.013
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	115 (11)	110 (14)	0.025
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	67 (9)	65 (9)	0.18
Abdominal fat
Visceral adipose tissue, cm2	392 (297-549)	299 (226-450)	0.002
Subcutaneous adipose tissue, cm2	1656 (999-1844)	1369 (1101-2031)	0.11
Hepatic fat fraction, %	13.0 (7.2-24.3)	1.3 (1.0-2.4)	< 0.0001
Pancreatic fat fraction, %	2.28 (1.48-4.07)	1.77 (1.20-2.47)	0.035

Results are expressed as n (%), mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range). NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; BMI-SD score: Body mass index- standard deviation score.

Table 2 Metabolic variables of overweight/obese children with and without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

	NAFLD	No NAFLD	P value
	(n = 80)	(n = 78)
Triglycerides, mg/dL	101 (60)	84 (43)	0.045
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	152 (32)	158 (32)	0.220
HDL-C, mg/dL	46 (14)	48 (13)	0.430
Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L	24 (21-30)	22 (19-25)	0.007
Alanine aminotransferase, U/L	30 (20-44)	17 (14-23)	< 0.0001
γ-glutamyl transferase, U/L	17 (13-22)	13 (10-16)	< 0.0001
Fasting glucose, mg/dL	84 (8)	82 (5)	0.090
2-h glucose, mg/dL	94 (24)	90 (15)	0.310
Fasting insulin, mU/mL	19 (13)	13 (8)	0.001
2-h insulin, mU/mL	71 (67)	39 (30)	< 0.0001
Fasting C peptide, pmol/L	1009 (358)	769 (244)	< 0.0001
HOMA-IR values	3.8 (2.7)	2.7 (1.7)	0.003
WBISI	4.45 (2.95)	6.45 (3.69)	< 0.0001
HbA1c, %	5.2 (0.3)	5.1 (0.4)	0.750
HSCRP, μg/L	2200 (900-3950)	1300 (600-3150)	0.002

HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; HSCRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; WBISI: Whole-body insulin sensitivity index.

Table 3 Comparison between children with and without prediabetes

	Prediabetes	No prediabetes	P value
	(n = 18)	(n = 140)
Age, yr	13.4 (2.4)	11.8 (2.3)	0.009
Male gender, n (%)	11 (61.1)	88 (62.8)	1.000
BMI-SD score	2.07 (0.39)	1.91 (0.40)	0.130
Waist circumference, cm	102 (12)	90 (11)	< 0.0001
Visceral adipose tissue, cm2	408 (300-602)	316 (265-486)	0.066
Subcutaneous adipose tissue, cm2	1850 (1060-3017)	1548 (1106-1969)	0.190
Hepatic fat fraction	18.0 (4.2-33.3)	4.6 (1.0-12.7)	0.024
Pancreatic fat fraction	3.60 (1.70-5.50)	1.90 (1.30-3.10)	0.045

BMI-SD score: Body mass index- standard deviation score.

Table 4 Separate logistic regression analysis for fat depots associated with prediabetes

	OR1	95%CI	P value
Visceral adipose tissue	2.49	0.88-9.17	0.170
Subcutaneous adipose tissue	1.25	0.37-14.5	0.710
Hepatic fat fraction	1.90	1.16-3.10	0.010
Pancreatic fat fraction	3.50	1.03-11.9	0.045

¹Adjusted for age, gender, tanner stage, and body mass index- standard deviation score.