Targeting cell death signaling in colorectal cancer: Current strategies and future perspectives

Table 1 Targeting apoptosis in colorectal cancer: An overview of current clinical trials

Drug	Target	Clinical1	Ref.
Smac mimetics	IAPs	Phase I (NCT01573780)	[49,139]
Survivin peptide vaccine	survivin	Phase I-II (NCT00108875)	[140,141]
Oblimersen	Bcl-2	Phase I (NCT00004870)	[142,143]
Dulanermin	DR4/5 dual	Phase Ib (NCT00671372)	[86]
Tigatuzumab	DR5	Phase I	[144]
CS-1008	DR5	Phase I (NCT01220999)	[145]
HGS-ETR1	DR4	Preclinical in vivo	[79]
HGS-ETR2	DR5	Phase I (NCT00428272)	[79,146]
rhApo2L/TRAIL	DR4/DR 5	Phase I-II	[147]
		(NCT00819169)
Conatumumab	DR5	Phase II (NCT01327612)	[148]
ABT-263	Bcl-2/Bcl-xl	Phase I (NCT00891605, NCT01009073)	[24]
ABT-737	Bcl-2/Bcl-xl	Preclinical in vivo	[25,26,30]
Gossypol	Pan-Bcl2	Preclinical in vivo	[149]

¹Further detailed information on clinical trials: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. The compounds included in the table directly target apoptotic proteins and show antitumor effects in vivo. The phase of the clinical trials is stated and trial identifier indicated in brackets where applicable. IAP: Inhibitors of apoptosis; DR: Death receptor; TRAIL: Tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand.

Table 2 Targeting autophagy in colorectal cancer: An overview of current clinical trials

Drug	Target	Clinical1	Ref.
Hydroxychloroquine	Autophagosome	Phase I (NCT01206530) Phase II (NCT01006369)	[122,150]
Everolimus/rapamycin	mTOR	Phase II (NCT00419159, NCT01387880)	[126,127,151]

¹Further detailed information on clinical trials: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. The compounds shown target relevant processes or proteins involved in autophagy signaling. The phase of clinical trials is stated and trial identifier indicated in brackets where applicable. mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin.