Modulation of hepatic steatosis by dietary fatty acids

Table 1 Use of dietary supplement in the prevention of hepatic steatosis

Oil source	Oil fatty acid composition (%)		Experimental design	Results	Ref.
Krill	C14:0 C16:0 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 C20:5 C22:5 C22:6	2.5 18.2 2.8 25.8 54.4 4.9 5.3 2.3 3.0	C57BL/6 mice fed for 8 wk with a high-fat diet containing 1.25%-5% krill oil	↓ Hepatomegaly ↓ Hepatic steatosis ↓De novo lipogenesis ↓ Blood glucose	Tandy et al[50]
			Wistar rats fed for 6 wk with a diet containing 2.5% krill oil	↓ Hepatic steatosis ↓De novo lipogenesis ↓ Haematic triglycerides ↓ Haematic cholesterol	Ferramosca et al[43]
			Sprague-Dawley rats fed for 12 wk with a high-fat diet containing 2.5% krill oil	↓ Hepatic steatosis ↓De novo lipogenesis ↑ Fatty acid oxidation ↓ Mitochondrial uncoupling ↓ Haematic glucose ↓ Haematic insulin ↓ Haematic triglycerides	Ferramosca et al[42]
Pine nut	C16:0 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 C18:3 (5,9,12)	8.0 2.2 23.2 51.1 2.1 8.8	Mice fed for 8 wk with a diet containing 7.5% pine nut oil	↓ Liver weight ↓ Hepatic steatosis ↓De novo lipogenesis ↓ Haematic triglycerides ↓ Haematic cholesterol	Ferramosca et al[40]

Table 2 Role of dietary fat in the development of hepatic steatosis

Dietary fat	Fatty acid composition (%)		Experimental design	Results	Ref.
Lard	C14:0 C16:0 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2	0.50 8.70 4.30 15.80 3.50	Sprague-Dawley rats fed for 12 wk with a high-fat diet (35% fat)	↑ Hepatic steatosis ↓ Fatty acid oxidation ↑ Haematic triglycerides ↑ Mitochondrial uncoupling ↑ Haematic insulin ↑ Haematic glucose	Ferramosca et al[42]
	CLA c-9, t-11 CLA t-10, c-12	0.004 0.40	C57Bl/6J mice fed were fed for 4 wk with a diet containing 0.4% CLA	↑ Hepatic steatosis ↑De novo lipogenesis ↑ Haematic insulin	Clément et al[64]
CLA	C16:0 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 CLA c-9, t-11/ t-9, c-11 CLA t-10, c-12 CLA c-9, c-11/c10, c12 CLA t-9, t-11/t10, t12	5.91 0.60 5.27 1.22 0.49 0.51 0.03 0.02	C57BL/6J mice were fed for 21 days with a diet containing 1.5% CLA	↑ Hepatomegaly ↑ Hepatic steatosis ↑De novo lipogenesis ↑ Fatty acid oxidation	Takahashi et al[65]
	CLA t-10, c-12	1.00	C57BL/6J mice fed for 4 wk with a diet supplemented with 1% CLA	↑ Liver weight ↓ Haematic triglycerides ↓ Haematic FFA ↑ Fatty acid oxidation	Degrace et al[68]
	C16:0 C16:1 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 CLA c-9, t-11 CLA t-10, c-12 CLA c-9, c-11/c10, c12 CLA t-9, t-11/t10, t12	5.94 0.01 0.60 5.30 1.27 0.49 0.51 0.03 0.02	ICR mice fed for 22 d with a diet containing 1.0% CLA	↑ Liver weight ↑ Hepatic steatosis ↑De novo lipogenesis ↑ Fatty acid oxidation ↑ Haematic insulin	Ide[66]
	C16:0 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 CLA c-9, t-11 CLA t-10, c-12	12.00 2.70 42.50 30.50 2.90 3.50 3.70	ICR mice fed for 16 wk with a diet containing 1% CLA	↑ Liver weight ↑ Hepatic steatosis ↑De novo lipogenesis ↑ Fatty acid oxidation ↓ Haematic triglycerides ↓ Haematic FFA	Ferramosca et al[44]
	C16:0 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 CLA c-9, t-11 CLA t-10, c-12	12.00 2.70 42.50 30.50 2.90 3.50 3.70	ICR mice fed for 16 wk with a diet containing 1% CLA	↑ Liver weight ↑ Hepatic steatosis ↑De novo lipogenesis ↑ Fatty acid oxidation ↓ Haematic triglycerides ↓ Haematic cholesterol ↑ Haematic insulin	Ferramosca et al[39]

CLA: Conjugated linoleic acids.

Table 3 Effect of olive oil on liver lipid profile

Fatty acidcomposition (%)		Experimental design	Results	Ref.
C16:0 C16:1 C17:0 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 C20:0 C20:1 C24:0	11.80 0.90 0.40 2.80 79.20 3.50 0.60 0.30 0.20 0.40	Wistar rats fed for 12 wk with a diet containing 10% olive oil	↑ Hepatic lipids	Ruiz-Gutiérrez et al[69]
C16:0 C16:1 C17:0 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 C20:0 C20:1 C24:0	11.79 0.86 0.37 2.79 79.22 3.45 0.60 0.28 0.20 0.44	Spontaneously hypertensive rats fed for 12 wk with a diet containing 10% of energy as olive oil	↑ Hepatic lipids	Perona et al[70]
C16:0 C16:1 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 C20:0	11.87 0.94 2.92 77.26 5.69 0.50 0.39	Wistar rats fed for 4 wk with a diet containing 40% of energy as olive oil	↑ Hepatic lipids ↑De novo lipogenesis	Portillo et al[71]
C16:0 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3	10.70 2.00 74.80 10.40 0.70	Wistar rats fed for 6 wk with a diet containing 20% olive oil	↑ Hepatic lipids ↑De novo lipogenesis	Takeuchi et al[72]
C16:0 C18:1 C18:2	11.29 71.26 9.76	Sprague-Dawley rats fed for 2 mo with a methionine choline-deficient diet containing olive oil (0.45 mg/g rat weight)	↓ Hepatic steatosis	Hussein et al[73]
C16:0 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3	12.10 3.00 27.40 51.90 2.70	ICR mice fed for 8 wk with a diet containing 7.5% olive oil	↑ Hepatic lipids ↓ Fatty acid oxidation	Ferramosca et al[41]