Risk factors for early rebleeding and mortality in acute variceal hemorrhage

Table 1 Clinical and biological characteristics of the study population n (%)

Characteristic	n = 101
Gender (male/female)	71 (70.3%)/30 (29.7%)
Age (yr)	51 ± 12
Etiology of liver disease n (%) Viral (HBV and/or HCV) Alcohol Others	76 (75.2) 19 (18.8) 6 (5.9)
Clinical presentation of bleeding n (%) Melena Hematemesis Both melena and hematemesis	22 (21.8) 32 (31.7) 47 (46.5)
Systolic blood pressure at presentation (mmHg)	114 ± 21
Bleeding source n (%) Esophageal varices Gastric varices	85 (84.2) 16 (15.8)
High risk stigmata of variceal bleeding (yes/no)	89 (88.1)/12 (11.9)
Active variceal bleeding at endoscopy (yes/no)	27 (26.7)/74 (73.3)
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	9.9 ± 2.4
White blood cells (109/L)	4.78 ± 3.55
Platelets (109/L)	111 ± 102
Aspartate aminotransferase level (U/L)	39 ± 15
Alanine aminotransferase level (U/L)	29 ± 15
Serum sodium level (mmol/L)	132 ± 11
Serum creatinine (μmol/L)	57 ± 18
Albumin (g/L)	34 ± 6
Total bilirubin (μmol/L)	24.5 ± 12.3
Prothrombin time (s)	16.7 ± 2.3
Presence of ascites n (%) 0 I II III	47 (46.5) 31 (30.7) 18 (17.8) 5 (5.0)
Requiring blood transfusion within 72 h (yes/no)	38 (37.6)/63 (62.4)
Units of PRBCs transfused within 72 h	6 ± 2
HVPG (mmHg)	18 ± 4
Obliteration range of PTVE n (%) Complete Partial Trunk	63 (62.4) 21 (20.8) 17 (16.8)
Child-Turcotte-Pugh classification n (%) A B C	15 (14.9) 61 (60.4) 25 (24.8)
MELD score	15 ± 5

PRBCs: Packed red blood cells; HVPG: Hepatic vein pressure gradient; PTVE: Percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization.

Table 2 Independent risk factors associated with rebleeding as revealed by Cox regression analysis

Variable	B	SE	Wals	P value	OR	95%CI
						Lower	Upper
High risk stigmata of variceal bleeding	4.267	1.435	8.843	0.003	5.279	2.782	38.454
Obliteration range of PTVE	2.068	0.540	14.663	0.000	4.309	2.144	11.793
HVPG	0.428	0.188	5.209	0.022	1.534	1.062	2.216

PTVE: Percutaneous transhepatic variceal embolization; HVPG: Hepatic vein pressure gradient.

Table 3 Independent prognostic factors associated with mortality as revealed by Cox regression analysis

Variable	B	SE	Wals	P value	OR	95%CI
						Lower	Upper
MELD	0.771	0.324	5.652	0.017	2.162	1.145	4.084
HVPG	0.353	0.078	20.691	0.000	1.423	1.222	1.657

MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; HVPG: Hepatic vein pressure gradient.