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©2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Gastroenterol. Dec 14, 2014; 20(46): 17388-17398
Published online Dec 14, 2014. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i46.17388
Published online Dec 14, 2014. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i46.17388
Table 1 Distribution (%) of the study sample and the population of São Paulo according to age, gender, and educational level
Characteristic | Study population | São Paulo population |
Age, yr | ||
18-29 | 26.50 | 25.71 |
30-39 | 21.88 | 22.22 |
40-49 | 19.61 | 20.25 |
50-59 | 16.91 | 15.15 |
≥ 60 | 15.11 | 16.67 |
Gender | ||
Male | 40.35 | 46.93 |
Female | 59.65 | 53.07 |
Educational level, yr | ||
≤ 8 | 36.02 | 42.88 |
9-11 | 41.64 | 35.41 |
≥ 12 | 22.34 | 21.71 |
Table 2 Distribution (%) of the study sample and the population of São Paulo according to age, gender, and educational level
Gender | Age, yr | Educational level, yr | |||||
Study sample | São Paulo | ||||||
≤8 | 9-11 | ≥12 | ≤8 | 9-11 | ≥12 | ||
Male | |||||||
18-39 | 0.035403 | 0.120343 | 0.049406 | 0.060640 | 0.115868 | 0.053637 | |
40-59 | 0.057332 | 0.051783 | 0.036460 | 0.085150 | 0.045360 | 0.034538 | |
≥ 60 | 0.036196 | 0.008190 | 0.008322 | 0.051568 | 0.009390 | 0.013051 | |
Female | |||||||
18-39 | 0.044254 | 0.151651 | 0.083752 | 0.056661 | 0.124781 | 0.067006 | |
40-59 | 0.107266 | 0.072391 | 0.040026 | 0.100748 | 0.050135 | 0.038357 | |
≥ 60 | 0.079789 | 0.012021 | 0.005416 | 0.074009 | 0.008595 | 0.010505 |
Table 3 Sample weights applied in the post-stratification adjustment
Gender | Age, yr | Educational level, yr | ||
≤8 | 9-11 | ≥12 | ||
Male | ||||
18-39 | 1.71285 | 0.96281 | 1.08564 | |
40-59 | 1.48523 | 0.87597 | 0.94728 | |
≥ 60 | 1.42470 | 1.14654 | 1.56820 | |
Female | ||||
18-39 | 1.28037 | 0.82282 | 0.80006 | |
40-59 | 0.93924 | 0.69256 | 0.95830 | |
≥ 60 | 0.92757 | 0.71496 | 1.93950 |
Table 4 Patient characteristics1
Characteristic | n (%) |
Gender | |
Male | 1153 (46.9) |
Female | 1875 (53.1) |
Age group, yr | |
18-29 | 689 (25.0) |
30-49 | 1338 (41.7) |
50-59 | 498 (16.6) |
60-69 | 286 (10.0) |
≥ 70 | 217 (6.7) |
Nutritional status2 | |
Malnourished | 78 (2.6) |
Normal | 1322 (45.8) |
Overweight | 998 (35.3) |
Obese | 466 (16.3) |
Smoking | |
Never | 1860 (60.5) |
No, stopped | 675 (22.9) |
Yes, < 10 cigarettes/d | 219 (7.0) |
Yes, 10-20 | 216 (7.4) |
Yes, > 20 | 58 (2.2) |
Marital status3 | |
Single | 1037 (35.8) |
Married/RDP | 1520 (52.5) |
Divorced | 220 (5.7) |
Widowed | 239 (6.1) |
Education | |
≤ 4th grade | 526 (19.2) |
5th-8th grades | 610 (23.7) |
(in)Complete high school | 1209 (35.4) |
(in)Complete college | 676 (21.7) |
Employment status3 | |
Employed | 1436 (48.6) |
Self-employed | 382 (13.9) |
Housewife | 450 (13.0) |
Unemployed | 241 (8.4) |
Other (not employed) | 474 (16.2) |
Table 5 Distribution of symptoms consistent with gastroesophageal reflux disease, by gender n (%)
Male | Female | Total | P value | |
Heartburn | ||||
No | 1074 (92.3) | 1649 (87.5) | 2723 (89.8) | 0.047 |
≥ 2x/wk | 79 (7.7) | 226 (12.5) | 305 (10.2) | |
Sensation of stomach burning | ||||
No | 1065 (91.6) | 1635 (85.9) | 2700 (88.6) | 0.012 |
≥ 2x/wk | 88 (8.4) | 240 (14.1) | 328 (11.4) | |
Regurgitation | ||||
No | 1116 (96.7) | 1728 (91.4) | 2844 (93.9) | < 0.001 |
≥ 2x/wk | 37 (3.3) | 147 (8.6) | 184 (6.1) | |
Difficulty swallowing | ||||
No | 1136 (98.5) | 1827 (97.1) | 2963 (97.7) | 0.012 |
≥ 2x/wk | 17 (1.5) | 48 (2.9) | 65 (2.3) | |
Painful swallowing | ||||
No | 1149 (99.6) | 1850 (98.6) | 2999 (99.1) | 0.009 |
≥ 2x/wk | 4 (0.4) | 25 (1.4) | 29 (0.9) | |
Excess salivation | ||||
No | 1108 (96.0) | 1779 (94.7) | 2887 (95.3) | 0.274 |
≥ 2x/wk | 45 (4.0) | 96 (5.3) | 141 (4.7) |
Table 6 Distribution of symptoms consistent with gastroesophageal reflux disease, by age group (yr) n (%)
Variable | 18-29 | 30-49 | 50-59 | 60-69 | ≥70 | Total | P value |
Heartburn | |||||||
No | 624 (91.1) | 1182 (88.2) | 449 (88.4) | 259 (92.0) | 209 (94.5) | 2723 (89.8) | 0.152 |
≥ 2x/wk | 65 (8.9) | 156 (11.8) | 49 (11.6) | 27 (8.0) | 8 (5.5) | 305 (10.2) | |
Sensation of stomach burning | |||||||
No | 612 (88.5) | 1176 (87.6) | 444 (86.9) | 261 (91.2) | 207 (95.2) | 2700 (88.6) | 0.067 |
≥ 2x/wk | 77 (11.5) | 162 (12.4) | 54 (13.1) | 25 (8.8) | 10 (4.8) | 328 (11.4) | |
Regurgitation | |||||||
No | 650 (93.9) | 1261 (94.5) | 465 (93.3) | 264 (92.7) | 204 (93.1) | 2844 (93.9) | 0.847 |
≥ 2x/wk | 39 (6.1) | 77 (5.5) | 33 (6.7) | 22 (7.3) | 13 (6.9) | 184 (6.1) | |
Difficulty swallowing | |||||||
No | 672 (97.6) | 1314 (98.1) | 490 (98.1) | 278 (96.8) | 209 (96.6) | 2963 (97.7) | 0.523 |
≥ 2x/wk | 17 (2.4) | 24 (1.9) | 8 (1.9) | 8 (3.2) | 8 (3.4) | 65 (2.3) | |
Painful swallowing | |||||||
No | 681 (98.7) | 1326 (99.1) | 497 (99.9) | 282 (99.1) | 213 (98.3) | 2999 (99.1) | 0.160 |
≥ 2x/wk | 8 (1.3) | 12 (0.9) | 1 (0.1) | 4 (0.9) | 4 (1.7) | 29 (0.9) | |
Excess salivation | |||||||
No | 666 (96.9) | 1264 (94.1) | 480 (96.3) | 269 (94.0) | 208 (96.4) | 2887 (95.3) | 0.095 |
≥ 2x/wk | 23 (3.1) | 74 (5.9) | 18 (3.7) | 17 (6.0) | 9 (3.6) | 141 (4.7) |
Table 7 Distribution of treatments for symptoms consistent with gastroesophageal reflux disease
Treatment | n (%) |
Medication | |
No | 2609 (86.4) |
Yes: | 419 (13.6) |
Prescribed by physician | 270 (62.6) |
Self-medicated | 140 (34.2) |
Recommended by family/friends | 5 (1.4) |
Recommended by pharmacist | 9 (3.2) |
Other therapies/measures | |
No | 2932 (96.7) |
Yes: | 96 (3.3) |
Dietary changes or restrictions | 32 (32.8) |
Herbal teas | 55 (57.4) |
Other1 | 14 (14.7) |
Table 8 Distribution of symptoms consistent with dyspepsia, by gender n (%)
Variable | Male | Female | Total | P value |
Impaired digestion | ||||
No | 1094 (94.5) | 1615 (86.1) | 2709 (90.0) | < 0.001 |
≥ 2x/wk | 59 (5.5) | 260 (13.9) | 319 (10.0) | |
Sensation of fullness1 | ||||
No | 1094 (94.7) | 1652 (88.0) | 2746 (91.1) | < 0.001 |
≥ 2x/wk | 59 (5.3) | 223 (12.0) | 282 (8.9) | |
Abdominal swelling | ||||
No | 1081 (93.6) | 1578 (84.3) | 2659 (88.7) | < 0.001 |
≥ 2x/wk | 72 (6.4) | 297 (15.7) | 369 (11.3) | |
Abdominal pain | ||||
No | 1107 (95.9) | 1701 (90.6) | 2808 (93.1) | < 0.001 |
≥ 2x/wk | 46 (4.1) | 174 (9.4) | 220 (6.9) | |
Nausea | ||||
No | 1124 (97.3) | 1719 (91.0) | 2843 (94.0) | < 0.001 |
≥ 2x/wk | 29 (2.7) | 156 (9.0) | 185 (6.0) | |
Vomiting | ||||
No | 1140 (98.6) | 1819 (97.0) | 2959 (97.8) | 0.040 |
≥ 2x/wk | 13 (1.4) | 56 (3.0) | 69 (2.2) |
Table 9 Distribution of symptoms consistent with dyspepsia, by age group (yr) n (%)
Variable | 18-29 | 30-49 | 50-59 | 60-69 | ≥70 | Total | P value |
Impaired digestion | |||||||
No | 622 (90.6) | 1182 (89.5) | 437 (88.1) | 257 (88.6) | 211 (97.1) | 2709 (90.0) | 0.091 |
≥ 2x/wk | 67 (9.4) | 156 (10.5) | 61 (11.9) | 29 (11.4) | 6 (2.9) | 319 (10.0) | |
Sensation of fullness1 | |||||||
No | 614 (89.7) | 1199 (90.3) | 463 (93.0) | 263 (92.7) | 207 (95.0) | 2746 (91.1) | 0.361 |
≥ 2x/wk | 75 (10.3) | 139 (9.7) | 35 (7.0) | 23 (7.3) | 10 (5.0) | 282 (8.9) | |
Abdominal swelling | |||||||
No | 609 (88.8) | 1161 (87.8) | 429 (87.7) | 255 (89.9) | 205 (94.7) | 2659 (88.7) | 0.445 |
≥ 2x/wk | 80 (11.2) | 177 (12.2) | 69 (12.3) | 31 (10.1) | 12 (5.3) | 369 (11.3) | |
Abdominal pain | |||||||
No | 638 (93.0) | 1232 (92.5) | 463 (93.6) | 267 (93.9) | 208 (95.4) | 2808 (93.1) | 0.742 |
≥ 2x/wk | 51 (7.0) | 106 (7.5) | 35 (6.4) | 19 (6.1) | 9 (4.6) | 220 (6.9) | |
Nausea | |||||||
No | 643 (92.8) | 1245 (93.6) | 478 (95.8) | 267 (93.0) | 210 (97.6) | 2843 (94.0) | 0.227 |
≥ 2x/wk | 46 (7.2) | 93 (6.4) | 20 (4.2) | 19 (7.0) | 7 (2.4) | 185 (6.0) | |
Vomiting | |||||||
No | 667 (97.0) | 1308 (98.1) | 489 (97.8) | 281 (97.8) | 214 (98.5) | 2959 (97.8) | 0.660 |
≥ 2x/wk | 22 (3.0) | 30 (1.9) | 9 (2.2) | 5 (2.2) | 3 (1.5) | 69 (2.2) |
Table 10 Distribution of treatments for symptoms consistent with dyspepsia
Treatment | n (%) |
Medication | |
No | 2668 (88.9) |
Yes: | 360 (11.1) |
Prescribed by physician | 206 (57.4) |
Self-medicated | 148 (40.8) |
Recommended by pharmacist | 11 (2.7) |
Recommended by family/friends | 7 (1.9) |
Other therapies/measures | |
No | 2890 (96.0) |
Yes: | 138 (4.0) |
Dietary changes or restrictions | 31 (25.5) |
Herbal teas | 91 (65.5) |
Other1 | 18 (11.6) |
- Citation: Rosário Dias de Oliveira Latorre MD, Medeiros da Silva A, Chinzon D, Eisig JN, Dias-Bastos TR. Epidemiology of upper gastrointestinal symptoms in Brazil (EpiGastro): A population-based study according to sex and age group. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20(46): 17388-17398
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v20/i46/17388.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i46.17388