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©2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Gastroenterol. Oct 14, 2014; 20(38): 13804-13819
Published online Oct 14, 2014. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i38.13804
Published online Oct 14, 2014. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i38.13804
Genes | Alterations | Function | Pathology | Prognosis | Ref. |
Tumor suppressor genes | |||||
TP53 | Mutation/LOH | Transcription factor | Both | Association with poor survival | [42,46,48,182] |
APC | Mutation/ LOH | Signal transduction | Intestinal | Association with poor survival | [48,98,99] |
CDHI | Mutations/LOH | Adhesion | Diffuse | Association with poor survival | [48,102,106,183,184] |
hMLH1/hMSH2 | Mutations | DNA mismatch repair | Both | Association with poor survival and microsatellite instability | [10,140,185] |
p16 | Mutations/LOH | Cell cycle | Both | LOH of p16 association with lymph metastasis | [48,136,186,187] |
RIZ | Mutations/LOH | Nuclear histone/protein methyltransferase | - | Association with microsatellite instability | [188-190] |
hMSH3 | Mutations | DNA mismatch repair | - | Association with microsatellite instability | [191,192] |
hMSH6 | Mutations | DNA mismatch repair | - | Association with microsatellite instability | [191,192] |
PTEN | Mutations/LOH | protein tyrosine phosphatases | Both | Association with TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and poor survival | [65,66,193,194] |
bcl-2 | LOH | Apoptosis inhibitor | Intestinal | Association with invasion depth and lymph node metastasis | [182,195] |
DCC | LOH | Cell adhesion | Intestinal | Association with poor survival | [48,196] |
NM23 | LOH | Nucleoside diphosphate kinase | Both | Association with metastasis and poor survival | [197-199] |
p21 | Loss | Cell cycle | Both | Association with poor survival | [51] |
FHIT | LOH | Purine metabolism | Both | Association with invasive depth and microsatellite instability | [200] |
BRCA1 | LOH | Genetic instability | Both | Association with poor survival | [201,202] |
Oncogenes | |||||
β-Catenin | Mutations | Adhesion, | Intestinal | Association with poor survival and EBV-associated GC | [10,58,97] |
Signal transduction | |||||
BRAF | Mutations | Signal transduction | Both | Association with microsatellite instability | [71,203] |
K-Ras | Mutations | Signal transduction | Intestinal | Association with poor prognosis and microsatellite instability | [57,71-73,204] |
PIK3CA | Amplification | Signal transduction | Both | Association with poor survival | [55-58] |
Mutations | |||||
EGFR | Amplification | Growth factor receptor | Both | Association with poor survival | [57,81,205] |
Tyrosine kinases | |||||
ERBB2 | Amplification | Growth factor Receptor | Intestinal | Association with poor survival | [68,81-85,205] |
Mutations | Tyrosine kinases | ||||
ERBB3 | Overexpression | Growth factor receptor | Diffuse | Association with poor survival | [68,81,85] |
Tyrosine kinases | |||||
ERBB4 | Amplification | Growth factor receptor | Both | Association with poor survival | [86] |
Tyrosine kinases | |||||
c-Met | Amplification | Growth factor receptor | Diffuse | Association with poor survival | [86,206] |
KSAM | Amplification | Growth factor receptor | Diffuse | Association with poor survival | [207] |
VEGF | Overexpression | Growth factor | Intestinal | Association with metastasis and poor survival | [153,154,208] |
CD44 | Amplification | Cell adhesion | Both | Association with metastasis and poor survival | [86,209] |
PRL3 | Amplification | Cell signaling molecules | Both | Association with metastasis and poor survival | [210,211] |
c-Myc | Amplification | Transcription factor | Intestinal | Association with poor survival | [212,213] |
Cyclin E | Amplification | Cell cycle regulator | Both | Association with poor survival | [208,214] |
Genes | Function | Prognosis | Detected in serum | Ref. |
DNA methylation | ||||
BRCA1 | DNA repair | Association with age | - | [215] |
hMLH1 | DNA repair | Association with poor survival | Yes | [75,216] |
MGMT | DNA repair | Association with poor survival | - | [75] |
RASSF1A | DNA repair/Cell cycle | Association with poor survival | Yes | [74,76,77] |
CDH1 | Cell invasion/Metastasis | Association with poor survival | Yes | [105,106,138,139,216,217] |
RASSF2 | DNA repair/Cell cycle | Association with poor survival | - | [75] |
P16 | Cell cycle | Association with poor survival | Yes | [75,137-139,218] |
IGFBP3 | Cell cycle | Association with lymph node metastasis | - | [219] |
CHFR | Cell cycle | Association with invasion depth, differentiation and lymph node metastasis | - | [218,220] |
P15 | Cell cycle | - | Yes | [139,221] |
ADAM23 | Cell invasion/metastasis | - | - | [222,223] |
APC | Cell invasion, Metastasis, | Association with poor survival | Yes | [216] |
Signal transduction | ||||
LOX | Cell invasion and metastasis | Association with Helicobacter pylori-positive individuals | - | [22] |
TIMP3 | Cell invasion and metastasis | Association with poor survival | Yes | [74,216] |
HAND1 | Cell differentiation | Association with poor survival | - | [22,75] |
MLF1 | Cell differentiation | Association with lymph node metastasis | - | [75,223] |
PRDM5 | Cell differentiation | - | - | [223,224] |
RORA | Cell differentiation | - | - | [223] |
NDRG2 | Cell differentiation | Association with lymph node metastasis | - | [225] |
BNIP3 | Apoptosis | Association with poor survival | - | [226,227] |
DAPK | Apoptosis | Association with poor survival | Yes | [74,139,218,227,228] |
TMS | Apoptosis | Association with poor survival | - | [228] |
FHIT | Apoptosis | Association with lymph node metastasis | - | [105] |
GSTP1 | Apoptosis | Association with EBV-related gastric cancer | Yes | [139,229] |
FLNc | Cell morphology | Association with poor survival | - | [75] |
RUNX3 | Transcriptional factor, Signal transduction | Association with poor survival | Yes | [120,122,123,218,220] |
ZNF545 | Transcriptional factor | Association with poor survival | - | [230] |
RARβ | Signal transduction | Association with poor survival | Yes | [74,138] |
HRASLS | Signal transduction | - | - | [75] |
SFRP2 | Signal transduction | - | - | [108,231] |
SFRP1 | Signal transduction | Association with lymph node metastasis | - | [231] |
MicroRNAs | ||||
let-7g | Tumor suppressor | Association with invasion depth, lymph node metastasis | - | [232] |
miR-433 | Tumor suppressor | Association with invasion depth, lymph node metastasis | GRB2 | [147,232] |
miR-1 | Tumor suppressor | Association with tumor stage | - | [233] |
miR-20a | Tumor suppressor | Association with tumor stage | - | [233] |
miR-27a | Tumor suppressor | Association with tumor stage | - | [233] |
miR-34 | Tumor suppressor | Association with tumor stage | Bcl-2, Notch, and HMGA2 | [233,234] |
miR-423-5p | Tumor suppressor | Association with tumor stage | - | [233] |
miR-125a-5p | Tumor suppressor | Association with tumor size, invasion, | ERBB2 | [87] |
liver metastasis, and poor survival | ||||
miR-146a | Tumor suppressor | Association with lymph node metastasis, venous invasion, and poor survival | EGFR, IRAK1 | [87] |
miR-9 | Tumor suppressor | - | RAB34, CDX2, and NF-κB1 | [147,234,235] |
miR-375 | Tumor suppressor | - | PDK1, 14-3-3zeta | [236] |
miR-433 | Tumor suppressor | - | GRB2 | [147] |
miR-214 | Oncogenesis | Association with invasion depth and lymph node metastasis | - | [232] |
miR-130b | Oncogenesis | - | RUNX3 | [121] |
- Citation: Shi J, Qu YP, Hou P. Pathogenetic mechanisms in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20(38): 13804-13819
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v20/i38/13804.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i38.13804