Clinical characteristics and current management of hepatitis B and C in China

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the analyzed patient population with hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus infections n (%)

Characteristic	HBV (n = 2562)	HCV (n = 1406)	HBV and HCV (n = 42)	All patients (n = 4010)1
Age, yr (mean ± SD)	38.3 (± 12.4)	46.9 (± 13.6)	45.5 (± 11.4)	41.4 (± 13.5)
Gender
Male	1696 (66.2)	652 (46.4)	22 (52.4)	2370 (59.1)
Female	866 (33.8)	754 (53.6)	20 (47.6)	1640 (40.9)
Ethnicity
Han	2431(94.9)	1205 (85.7)	37 (88.1)	3673 (91.6)
Urghur	26 (1.0)	126 (9.0)	2 (4.8)	154 (3.8)
Hui	46 (1.8)	27 (1.9)	2 (4.8)	75 (1.9)
Other	59 (2.3)	48 (3.4)	1 (2.4)	108 (2.7)
Domicility
Urban/suburban	1831 (71.5)	1212 (86.2)	33 (78.6)	3076 (76.7)
Rural	731(28.5)	194 (13.8)	9 (21.4)	934 (23.3)
Alcohol consumption	78 (3.5)	38 (2.7)	0	116 (2.9)
Medical complications	331 (12.9)	394 (28.0)	12 (28.6)	737 (18.4)
Diabetes	40 (1.6)	97 (6.9)	2 (4.8)	139 (3.5)
Liver gallstones	70 (2.7)	50 (3.6)	1 (2.4)	121 (3.0)
Alcoholic liver disease	41 (1.6)	26 (1.8)	1 (2.4)	68 (1.7)
Respiratory disease	24 (0.9)	26 (1.8)	3 (7.1)	53 (1.3)
Coronary artery disease	10 (0.4)	40 (2.8)	1 (2.4)	51 (1.3)
Hepatic complications2
Hepatic cirrhosis	302 (11.8)	180 (12.8)	9 (21.4)	491 (12.2)
Jaundice	178 (7.0)	66 (4.7)	4 (9.5)	248 (6.2)
Ascites	94 (3.7)	46 (3.3)	2 (4.8)	142 (3.5)
Gastrointestinal bleeding	27 (1.1)	15 (1.1)	2 (4.8)	44 (1.1)
Hepatocellular carcinoma	11 (0.4)	13 (0.9)	1 (2.4)	25 (0.6)
Hepatic encephalopathy	4 (0.2)	11 (0.8)	1 (2.4)	16 (0.4)
HBV vaccination status
Never	2009 (78.4)	743 (52.8)	26 (61.9)	2778 (69.3)
Childhood	122 (4.8)	136 (9.7)	3 (7.1)	261 (6.5)
Adult	43 (1.7)	149 (10.6)	0	192 (4.8)
Unknown	388 (15.2)	378 (26.9)	13 (31.0)	779 (19.4)
Pregnant	146 (5.7)3	47 (3.3)	2 (4.8)	195 (4.9)

¹One patient had HDV infection;

²Includes previous complications (3 years prior to at diagnosis) and complications occurring after diagnosis;

³Number includes 1 patient of unknown pregnancy status.

Table 2 Laboratory assessments and anti-hepatitis B virus treatments administered to patients with hepatitis B virus infection, and the responses to treatment n (%)

	HBV(n = 2562)	HBV and HCV(n = 42)
Laboratory assessments:
HBsAg positive1	2195/2207 (99.5)	32/35 (91.4)
HBeAg positive1	971/2137 (45.4)	5/34 (14.7)
HBeAb positive1	1056/2092 (50.4)	26/32 (81.3)
HBV DNA positive1	1278/2286 (55.9)	313/38 (34.2)
ALT abnormal	944 (36.8)	19 (45.2)
AST abnormal	740 (28.9)	16 (38.1)
AFP abnormal	142/866 (16.3)	4/22 (18.2)
Received antiviral treatment	1490 (58.2)	22 (52.4)
Latest antiviral therapies	(n = 1490)	(n = 22)
Interferon (IFN)	109 (7.3)	2 (9.1)
PEG-IFN	99 (6.6)	14 (63.6)
Lamivudine	467 (31.3)	4 (18.2)
Telbivudine	238 (16.0)	1 (4.5)
Adefovir dipivoxil	691 (46.4)	4 (18.2)
Entecavir	230 (15.4)	2 (9.1)
Duration of completed treatment, months, median (IQR)	(n = 1309)	(n = 21)
	11.2 (0-187.8)	7.8 (0.6-69.6)
Responses to treatment	(n = 801)	(n = 12)
Virological response2	645 (80.5)	11 (91.7)
Biochemical response3	465 (58.1)	5 (41.7)
Serological response4	105 (13.1)	2 (16.7)
Treatment status5
Sustained response6	5/38 (13.2)	0
Virological breakthrough	20/801 (2.5)	0

¹Patients with records from the most recent tests;

²Includes HBV DNA not detected or below lower limit of detection, or HBV DNA decreased by ≥ log10 IU/mL vs baseline;

³ALT and AST returned to normal;

⁴Includes HBeAg negative or seroconversion and HBsAg negative or seroconversion;

⁵Excludes patients in whom treatment was terminated and patients not yet evaluated due to ongoing treatment;

⁶Sustained response: patients who achieved and had a sustained response for at least 6 mo after completing therapy. AFP: α-Fetoprotein; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; HBeAb: Hepatitis B e antibody; HBeAg: Hepatitis B e antigen; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; IQR: Interquartile range; NA: Nucleos(t)ide analog; PEG-IFN: Pegylated interferon.

Table 3 Laboratory assessments and anti-hepatitis C virus treatments administered to patients with hepatitis C virus infection, and the responses to treatment n (%)

	HCV(n = 1406)	HCV and HBV(n = 42)
Laboratory assessments:
HCV PCR positive1	1366/1375 (99.3)	38/40 (95.0)
ALT abnormal2	575 (40.9)
AST abnormal2	499 (35.5)
AFP abnormal	86/486 (17.7)
Received antiviral treatment	936 (66.6)	22 (52.4)
Number of treatments	(n = 936)	(n = 23)
First	751 (80.2)	20 (87.0)
Second	140 (15.0)	3 (13.0)
Third	45 (4.8)	0
Antiviral agents used in first-time antiviral treatments	(n = 750)	(n = 20)
Interferon (IFN)	232 (30.9)	5 (25.0)
PEG-IFN	514 (68.5)	15 (75.0)
Ribavirin	702 (93.6)	15 (75.0)
Duration of completed treatment, months (median, range)	(n = 277)	(n = 3)
	11.8 (0.1-139)	11.9 (5-11.9)
Responses to treatment3
Quick response4	125/425 (29.4)	4/10 (40.0)
Early response5	126/349 (36.1)	2/6 (33.3)
Response at end of treatment6	38/276 (13.8)	2/5 (40.0)
Sustained response7	24/121 (19.8)	0
No response	20/276 (7.2)	0

¹Results were unknown or unchecked for 2.2% of patients;

²Results were unknown or unchecked for 10.8%-18.4% of patients;

³Excludes patients in whom treatment was terminated early and patients not yet assessed due to ongoing treatment;

⁴Quick response (HCV RNA negative on PCR after 4 wk of treatment): calculated in patients who had received at least 4 wk therapy;

⁵Early response (HCV RNA negative on PCR negative or decreased by ≥ 2 log10 (IU/mL) after 12 wk of treatment): calculated in patients who had received at least 12 wk therapy;

⁶Response rate at end of treatment: the proportion of the patients who had received at least 24 wk therapy achieved response;

⁷Sustained response: patients who had a sustained response for at least 24 wk after completing therapy. AFP: α-Fetoprotein; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; PEG-IFN: Pegylated interferon.