MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers for gastric cancer

Table 1 Tissue microRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers

Ref.	Sample	Method (normalization)	MiRNA	Clinical application
Jiang et al[60] (CN)	60 GC (46A, 6M, 8S)/18 C	qRT-PCR (U6)	miR-421	Diagnostic biomarker
Zhang et al[59] (CN)	63 GC/10 C	real-time qRT-PCR (RNU6B)	miR-31	Diagnostic biomarker
Xiao et al[53] (CN)	55 GC/17 C	real-time qRT-PCR (U6)	miR-106a	Diagnostic biomarker
Chan et al[58] (CN)	37 GC/37 C	qPCR (U6)	miR-21	Diagnostic marker
Tsai et al[67] (CN)	72 GC/72 C	qRT-PCR	miR-196a	Detecting GC and monitoring recurrence
Xiao et al[98] (CN)	20 GC/20 C	qRT-PCR (U6)	miR-146a	Diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target
Song et al[50] (CN)	4 GC cell lines	real-time qRT-PCR (U6)	miR-148b	Diagnostic biomarker
	106 GC/106 C tissues
Chen et al[51] (CN)	101 GC(34I, 67B)/101CC/101 C	real-time qRT-PCR (U6)	miR-148a and miR-152	Detection of gastrointestinal cancer
Su et al[101] (CN)	20 GC/20 C	miRNA microarray and qRT-PCR (U6)	miR-574-3p	Early detection of GC

C: Control; GC: Gastric cancer; A: Adenocarcinoma; M: Mucinous carcinoma; S: Signet-ring cell carcinoma; I: Intestinal; D: Diffuse.

Table 2 Tissue microRNAs as prognostic biomarkers

Ref.	Sample	Method (normalization)	MiRNA	Clinical application
Wang et al[42] (CN)	110 GC/110 C	qRT-PCR (U6)	miR-17-5p/20a	Therapeutic marker
Yan et al[66] (CN)	31 with/43 without recurrent GC	miRNA microarray and qPCR (U6)	miR-335	Recognition of recurrence risk
Liu et al[62] (CN)	92 GC/92 C	real-time qRT-PCR (U6)	miR-221	Prognostic factor for overall survival
Inoue et al[96] (JP)	161 GC/161 C	miRNA qPCR array, Taqman miRNA assay and real-time qRT-PCR (U6)	miR-107	Prediction of prognosis
Brenner et al[97] (IL)	45 GC (39A, 6S)	miRNA microarray and qRT-PCR (six miRs)	miR-451, miR-199a-3p and miR-195	Prediction of recurrence
Zhang et al[68] (CN)	29 with/36 without recurrent GC (A)	miRNA microarray and qPCR (U6)	miR-375 and miR-142-5p	Prediction of recurrence risk for GC
Kim et al[99] (KR)	15 GC cell lines	miRNA methylome profiling, bisulfite pyrosequencing and qRT-PCR (U6)	miR-10b	Assessing the risk of GC
	100 GC(44I, 56D)/100 C tissues
Nishida et al[49] (JP)	87 GC	qRT-PCR (RNU6B)	miR-125a-5p	Prognostic marker
Li et al[65] (CN)	100 GC	real-time RT-PCR	miR-10b, miR-21, miR-223, miR-338, let-7a, miR-30a-5p, miR-126	Survival prediction
Xu et al[64] (CN)	86 GC	RT-PCR (Let-7a)	miR-21	Prediction of LN metastasis
Wu et al[63] (CN)	52 GC/52 C	real-time RT-PCR (U6, Let7a, miR-191, 103)	miR-212 and miR-195	Prediction of LN metastasis
Liu et al[102] (CN)	84 GC/84 C	qRT-PCR (U6)	let-7i	Prediction of chemotherapeutic sensitivity and prognosis
Chen et al[61] (CN)	3 GC/1 gastric mucosal lines	miRNA array and qPCR (U6)	miR-10a	Prediction of LN metastasis
	38 GC (28A, 8T, 2S)/10 C tissues
Valladares-Ayerbes et al[100] (ES)	28 CC/7 GC/3 pancreas	qRT-PCR (5S and U6)	miR-17-92	Prognostic markers
Kogo et al[48] (JP)	90 GC/90 C	qRT-PCR (RNU6B)	miR-146a	Prognostic factor
Sacconi et al[46] (IT)	123 GC (75I, 24D, 24U)/123 C	miRNA microarray and qPCR (RNU6B)	miR-204	Prognostic value

C: Control; CC: Colorectal cancer; GC: Gastric cancer; LN: Lymph node; A: Adenocarcinoma; T: Tubular adenocarcinoma; S: Signet-ring cell carcinoma; I: Intestinal; D: Diffuse; U: Undefined.

Table 3 Circulating microRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers

Ref.	Sample	Method (normalization)	MiRNA	Clinical application
Li et al[74] (CN)	80 EGC/70 C plasma	real-time qRT-PCR(U6, U44)	miR-199-3p	Early detection of GC
Rotkrua et al[72] (JP)	6 DCKO mice with DGC/6 C tissue	miRNA microarray and	miR-103, miR-107,	Early detection of DGC
	21 DCKO mice with DGC/23 C serum	TaqMan qRT-PCR (cel-miR-39)	miR-194 and miR-210
Li et al[75] (CN)	230 GC/130 C and	miRNA microarray and	miR-199-3p	GC detection
	20 gastric precancerous plasma	real-time qRT-PCR (U6, U44)
Cai et al[76] (CN)	90 GC(70A, 16M, 3S, 1SC)/90 C plasma	qRT-PCR (cel-miR-39)	miR-106b, miR-20a,	Early detection of GC
			and miR-221
Li et al[91] (CN)	8 GC/8 C tissue	qRT-PCR (U6, cel-miR-39)	miR-223, miR-21	GC detection
	70 GC(56A, 13M, 1S)/70 C plasma		and miR-218
Wang et al[92] (CN)	174 solid cancers/39 C serum	qRT-PCR (miR-16)	miR-21	Detection of some solid cancers
Song et al[93] (CN)	82 GC(71A, 3S, 1SC)/46 DYS/128 C serum	TaqMan low-density array	miR-221, miR-376c	Early detection of GC
		and TaqMan qRT-PCR (cel-miR-39)	and miR-744
Konishi et al[94] (JP)	56 GC/30 C plasma	miRNA microarray	miR-451 and miR-486	Screening GC
		and qRT-PCR (U6)
Liu et al[77] (CN)	61 GC(A, M)/61 C serum	miRNA microarray	miR-378	Early detection of GC
		and real-time qRT-PCR (U6)
Liu et al[82] (CN)	164 GC/127 C serum	Solexa sequencing	miR-1, miR-20a, miR-27a,	GC detection
		and qRT-PCR (the serum volume)	miR-34 and miR-423-5p
Tsujiura et al[73] (JP)	8 GC/8 C tissue	qRT-PCR (RNU6B)	miR-17-5p, miR-21, miR-106a,	GC detection
	79 GC/30 C plasma		miR-106b and let-7a
Gorur et al[95] (TR)	20 GC/190 C plasma	real-time qPCR (global means)	miR-195-5p	Early detection of GC
Wang et al[54] (CN)	80 gastric adenocarcinomas/40 peritumoral tissues	real-time qRT-PCR (U6)	let-7a	GC detection
	80 gastric adenocarcinomas/45 C serum

C: Control; DCKO: Double-conditional knockout; DGC: Diffuse-type gastric cancer; DYS: Dysplasia; GC: Gastric cancer; LN, lymph node; A: Adenocarcinoma; M: Mucinous carcinoma; S: Signet-ring cell carcinoma; SC: Squamous cell carcinoma.

Table 4 Circulating microRNAs as prognostic biomarkers

Ref.	Sample	Method (normalization)	MiRNA	Clinical application
Valladares-Ayerbes et al[81] (ES)	52 GC/31 C peripheral blood and 2 GC cell lines	qRT-PCR (U6, 5S)	miR-200c	Predictor of progression and survival
Komatsu et al[78] (JP)	69 GC plasma	qRT-PCR (U6)	miR-21	Prognostic marker
Wang et al[79] (CN)	79 pre-operative GC/30 post-/6 relapse plasma	qRT-PCR (RNU6B)	miR-17-5p/20a	Prediction of prognosis and monitoring of chemotherapeutic effects
Kim et al[80] (KR)	16 LN-positive GC/15 LN-negative GC/10 C serum	qRT-PCR	miR-21, miR-146a, and miR-148a	Predicting LN metastasis

C: Control; GC: Gastric cancer; LN: Lymph node.