Diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection in vivo by novel endoscopic techniques

Table 1 Results of novel endoscopic techniques for Helicobacter pylori infection

Endoscopic method	Endoscopic features	Sensitivity	Specificity	Limitation
Standard endoscopy	Antral nodularity	32.0%	96.0%	Low sensitivity
Magnifying endoscopy	Gastric pits/collecting venules	63.9%-93.2%	96.2%-100%	Lack of uniform diagnostic criteria
NBI	SECNs	95.2%	82.2%	Low light intensity, and magnification is usually required
I-Scan	Gastric pits/collecting venules	94.0%	93.5%	Magnification is usually required
NIR Raman endoscopy	Raman spectra	80.0%	100.0%	Inconvenient for clinical practice
Endocytoscopy	Observe organisms directly	-	-	Lack of clinical validation
Endomicroscopy	Observe organisms directly/neutrophils infiltration	89.2%	95.7%	Depend upon knowledge of pathology

NBI: Narrow band imaging; NIR: Near-infrared; SECNs: Subepithelial capillary networks.