Impairment of innate immune responses in cirrhotic patients and treatment by branched-chain amino acids

Table 1 Impairment of innate immune responses in cirrhotic patients

Impairment of phagocytic activity of neutrophils

Impairment of intracellular killing activity of neutrophils

Impairment of migration of neutrophils

Impairment of natural killer cell activity

Impairment of function of macrophage Fc gamma receptors

Impairment of opsonisation activity

Impairment of hemolytic complement function

Table 2 Impairment of adaptive immune responses in cirrhotic patients

Down regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II on monocyte/macrophages

Impairment of maturation and function of myeloid dendritic cells

Inhibition of T cell proliferation and T cell-mediated cytokine production

Inhibition of T-cell co stimulatory pathways

Impairment of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production of CD4+ and CD8+ cells

Increased fraction of CD4+ CD25+ cells

Increase in circulating anti-inflammatory cytokines