Input of microenvironmental regulation on colorectal cancer: Role of the CCN family

Table 1 Expression of CCN family members in colorectal cancer

Capital member	Model	Effects	Ref.
CCN1	Periradiated stroma	Positively correlated with metastasis	[29]
CCN1	Clinical sample	Positively correlated with early stage of tumor development	[30,31]
CCN1	Cultured cancer cells	Promoting cancer cell migration	[33]
CCN2	Clinical sample	Positively correlated with early stage of tumor development	[36,37,40]
		Negatively correlated with prevalence of peritoneal carcinomatosis
		Inhibiting invasion and metastasis
		Negatively correlated with metastasis and patient survival
WISP-1	Clinical sample	Promoting cell cycle checkpoint progression, accelerating cell growth and inhibiting apoptosis	[41-45]
		Positively correlated with tumor grade
WISP-2	Clinical sample	Negatively correlated with tumor grade	[43,44]
WISP-3	Clinical sample	Positively correlated with tumor grade	[43,44]

WISP: Wnt-induced secreted protein.