Risk factors for liver-related mortality in chronic hepatitis C patients: A deceased case-living control study

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of hepatitis C virus-infected death cases and controls n (%)

Variable	Cases (n = 144)	Controls (n = 576)	P value
Age (median)	64 (31-85)	64 (31-87)	0.821
Male	105 (72.92)	420 (72.92)	1
Female	39 (27.08)	156 (27.08)	1
Han nationality	135 (93.75)	544 (94.44)	NA
Anti-HIV antibody	0 (0)	0 (0)	NA
HCV RNA positive	95 (65.97)	444 (77.08)	NA
HCV RNA negative	25 (17.36)	121 (21.01)	NA
HCV RNA not determined	24 (16.67)	11 (1.91)	NA
Anti-HCV antibody positive	144 (100)	576 (100)	NA

HCV: Hepatitis C virus; NA: Not applicable; HIV: Human immunoddficiency virus.

Table 2 Main death diagnosis and direct causes of death in the case group

Main death diagnosis	Number	Percentage	Direct death causes	Number	Percentage
Decompensated cirrhosis	56	38.89%	Hemorrhagic shock	60	41.67%
Hepatocellular carcinoma	88	61.11%	Hepatic encephalopathy	55	38.19%
			Hepatorenal syndrome	26	18.05%
			Respiratory failure	2	1.39%
			Hepatopulmonary syndrome	1	0.70%

Table 3 Unadjusted univariate conditional logistic regression analysis of potential risk factors for chronic hepatitis C mortality n (%)

Variable	Cases (n = 144)	Controls (n = 576)	UOR (95%CI)	B	P value
Initial diagnostic stage
CHC	55 (38.19)	404 (70.14)	1.00 (Reference)	NA	NA
LC	60 (41.67)	152 (26.39)	3.03 (1.98-4.64)	1.11	0.000
HCC	29 (20.14)	20 (3.47)	13.19 (6.41-27.12)	2.58	0.000
HBsAg negativity	125 (86.81)	570 (98.96)	1.00 (Reference)	NA	NA
HBsAg positivity	19 (13.19)	6 (1.04)	22.99 (6.77-78.04)	3.14	0.000
Without diabetes	102 (70.83)	464 (80.56)	1.00 (Reference)	NA	NA
With diabetes	42 (29.17)	112 (19.44)	1.75 (1.14-2.67)	0.56	0.010
Without antiviral therapy	126 (88.89)	392 (73.78)	1.00 (Reference)	NA	NA
With antiviral therapy	16 (11.11)	151 (26.22)	0.32 (0.18-0.57)	-1.14	0.000
Without hypertension	99 (68.75)	452 (78.47)	1.00 (Reference)	NA	NA
With hypertension	45 (31.25)	124 (21.53)	1.65 (1.10-2.47)	0.5	0.015
Without alcohol consumption	92 (63.89)	419 (72.74)	1.00 (Reference)	NA	NA
With alcohol consumption	52 (36.11)	157 (27.26)	1.67 (1.08-2.59)	0.51	0.021
Anti-HBc negativity	48 (33.33)	263 (45.66)	1.00 (Reference)	NA	NA
Anti-HBc positivity	96 (66.67)	313 (54.34)	1.69 (1.15-2.48)	0.52	0.008
Without transfusion history	123 (85.42)	342 (59.37)	1.00 (Reference)	NA	NA
With transfusion history	21 (14.58)	234 (40.63)	NA	NA	0.060
Non-smoker	104 (72.22)	444 (77.08)	1.00 (Reference)	NA	NA
Ever smoker	40 (27.78)	132 (22.92)	NA	NA	0.193
Without family history of viral hepatitis	131 (90.97)	521 (90.45)	1.00 (Reference)	NA	NA
Family history of viral hepatitis	13 (9.03)	55 (9.55)	NA	NA	0.846

UOR: Unadjusted odds ratios; B: Regression coefficient; CHC: Chronic hepatitis C; LC: Liver cirrhosis; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; NA: Not applicable; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antibody; Anti-HBc: Anti-hepatitis core antibody.

Table 4 Adjusted multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis of potential risk factors for chronic hepatitis C mortality n (%)

Variable	Cases (n = 144)	Controls (n = 576)	AOR (95%CI)	B	P value
Initial diagnostic stage
CHC	55 (38.19)	404 (70.14)	1.00 (Reference)	NA	NA
LC	60 (41.67)	152 (26.39)	2.89 (1.83-4.56)	1.06	0.000
HCC	29 (20.14)	20 (3.47)	8.82 (3.99-19.53)	2.18	0.000
HBsAg negativity	125 (86.81)	570 (98.96)	1.00 (Reference)	NA	NA
HBsAg positivity	19 (13.19)	6 (1.04)	22.28 (5.58-89.07)	3.10	0.000
Without diabetes	102 (70.83)	464 (80.56)	1.00 (Reference)	NA	NA
With diabetes	42 (29.17)	112 (19.44)	2.35 (1.40-3.95)	0.86	0.001
Without antiviral therapy	126 (88.89)	392 (73.78)	1.00 (Reference)	NA	NA
With antiviral therapy	16 (11.11)	151 (26.22)	0.53 (0.28-0.99)	-0.64	0.048
Without hypertension	99 (68.75)	452 (78.47)	1.00 (Reference)	NA	NA
With hypertension	45 (31.25)	124 (21.53)	1.76 (1.09-2.82)	0.56	0.020
Without alcohol consumption	92 (63.89)	419 (72.74)	1.00 (Reference)	NA	NA
With alcohol consumption	52 (36.11)	157 (27.26)	1.70 (1.03-2.81)	0.53	0.037
Anti-HBc negativity	48 (33.33)	263 (45.66)	1.00 (Reference)	NA	NA
Anti-HBc positivity	96 (66.67)	313 (54.34)	NA	NA	0.946

AOR: Adjusted odds ratios; B: Regression coefficient; CHC: Chronic hepatitis C; LC: Liver cirrhosis; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; NA: Not applicable; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antibody; Anti-HBc: Anti-hepatitis core antibody.