Zeng QL, Feng GH, Zhang JY, Chen Y, Yang B, Huang HH, Zhang XX, Zhang Z, Wang FS. Risk factors for liver-related mortality in chronic hepatitis C patients: A deceased case-living control study. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20(18): 5519-5526 [PMID: 24833882 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.5519]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Fu-Sheng Wang, MD, PhD, The Institute of Translational Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Fengtai District, Beijing 100039, China. fswang302@163.com
Research Domain of This Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Article-Type of This Article
Case Control Study
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Gastroenterol. May 14, 2014; 20(18): 5519-5526 Published online May 14, 2014. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.5519
Table 1 Demographic characteristics of hepatitis C virus-infected death cases and controls n (%)
Variable
Cases (n = 144)
Controls (n = 576)
P value
Age (median)
64 (31-85)
64 (31-87)
0.821
Male
105 (72.92)
420 (72.92)
1
Female
39 (27.08)
156 (27.08)
1
Han nationality
135 (93.75)
544 (94.44)
NA
Anti-HIV antibody
0 (0)
0 (0)
NA
HCV RNA positive
95 (65.97)
444 (77.08)
NA
HCV RNA negative
25 (17.36)
121 (21.01)
NA
HCV RNA not determined
24 (16.67)
11 (1.91)
NA
Anti-HCV antibody positive
144 (100)
576 (100)
NA
Table 2 Main death diagnosis and direct causes of death in the case group
Main death diagnosis
Number
Percentage
Direct death causes
Number
Percentage
Decompensated cirrhosis
56
38.89%
Hemorrhagic shock
60
41.67%
Hepatocellular carcinoma
88
61.11%
Hepatic encephalopathy
55
38.19%
Hepatorenal syndrome
26
18.05%
Respiratory failure
2
1.39%
Hepatopulmonary syndrome
1
0.70%
Table 3 Unadjusted univariate conditional logistic regression analysis of potential risk factors for chronic hepatitis C mortality n (%)
Variable
Cases (n = 144)
Controls (n = 576)
UOR (95%CI)
B
P value
Initial diagnostic stage
CHC
55 (38.19)
404 (70.14)
1.00 (Reference)
NA
NA
LC
60 (41.67)
152 (26.39)
3.03 (1.98-4.64)
1.11
0.000
HCC
29 (20.14)
20 (3.47)
13.19 (6.41-27.12)
2.58
0.000
HBsAg negativity
125 (86.81)
570 (98.96)
1.00 (Reference)
NA
NA
HBsAg positivity
19 (13.19)
6 (1.04)
22.99 (6.77-78.04)
3.14
0.000
Without diabetes
102 (70.83)
464 (80.56)
1.00 (Reference)
NA
NA
With diabetes
42 (29.17)
112 (19.44)
1.75 (1.14-2.67)
0.56
0.010
Without antiviral therapy
126 (88.89)
392 (73.78)
1.00 (Reference)
NA
NA
With antiviral therapy
16 (11.11)
151 (26.22)
0.32 (0.18-0.57)
-1.14
0.000
Without hypertension
99 (68.75)
452 (78.47)
1.00 (Reference)
NA
NA
With hypertension
45 (31.25)
124 (21.53)
1.65 (1.10-2.47)
0.5
0.015
Without alcohol consumption
92 (63.89)
419 (72.74)
1.00 (Reference)
NA
NA
With alcohol consumption
52 (36.11)
157 (27.26)
1.67 (1.08-2.59)
0.51
0.021
Anti-HBc negativity
48 (33.33)
263 (45.66)
1.00 (Reference)
NA
NA
Anti-HBc positivity
96 (66.67)
313 (54.34)
1.69 (1.15-2.48)
0.52
0.008
Without transfusion history
123 (85.42)
342 (59.37)
1.00 (Reference)
NA
NA
With transfusion history
21 (14.58)
234 (40.63)
NA
NA
0.060
Non-smoker
104 (72.22)
444 (77.08)
1.00 (Reference)
NA
NA
Ever smoker
40 (27.78)
132 (22.92)
NA
NA
0.193
Without family history of viral hepatitis
131 (90.97)
521 (90.45)
1.00 (Reference)
NA
NA
Family history of viral hepatitis
13 (9.03)
55 (9.55)
NA
NA
0.846
Table 4 Adjusted multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis of potential risk factors for chronic hepatitis C mortality n (%)
Variable
Cases (n = 144)
Controls (n = 576)
AOR (95%CI)
B
P value
Initial diagnostic stage
CHC
55 (38.19)
404 (70.14)
1.00 (Reference)
NA
NA
LC
60 (41.67)
152 (26.39)
2.89 (1.83-4.56)
1.06
0.000
HCC
29 (20.14)
20 (3.47)
8.82 (3.99-19.53)
2.18
0.000
HBsAg negativity
125 (86.81)
570 (98.96)
1.00 (Reference)
NA
NA
HBsAg positivity
19 (13.19)
6 (1.04)
22.28 (5.58-89.07)
3.10
0.000
Without diabetes
102 (70.83)
464 (80.56)
1.00 (Reference)
NA
NA
With diabetes
42 (29.17)
112 (19.44)
2.35 (1.40-3.95)
0.86
0.001
Without antiviral therapy
126 (88.89)
392 (73.78)
1.00 (Reference)
NA
NA
With antiviral therapy
16 (11.11)
151 (26.22)
0.53 (0.28-0.99)
-0.64
0.048
Without hypertension
99 (68.75)
452 (78.47)
1.00 (Reference)
NA
NA
With hypertension
45 (31.25)
124 (21.53)
1.76 (1.09-2.82)
0.56
0.020
Without alcohol consumption
92 (63.89)
419 (72.74)
1.00 (Reference)
NA
NA
With alcohol consumption
52 (36.11)
157 (27.26)
1.70 (1.03-2.81)
0.53
0.037
Anti-HBc negativity
48 (33.33)
263 (45.66)
1.00 (Reference)
NA
NA
Anti-HBc positivity
96 (66.67)
313 (54.34)
NA
NA
0.946
Citation: Zeng QL, Feng GH, Zhang JY, Chen Y, Yang B, Huang HH, Zhang XX, Zhang Z, Wang FS. Risk factors for liver-related mortality in chronic hepatitis C patients: A deceased case-living control study. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20(18): 5519-5526