NAFLD prevalence differs among hispanic subgroups: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis

Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the study populations n (%)

Variable	Value(n = 788)
NAFLD	225 (29)
Age (yr)	61 ± 10.4
Male gender	361 (46)
Puerto Rican	143 (18)
Dominican	121 (15)
Mexican	524 (67)
BMI (kg/m2)	29.6 ± 5.1
Waist circumference (cm)	100.9 ± 12.9
Hypertension	280 (36)
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)	4.3 ± 5.3
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	198.5 ± 37.0
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	162.0 ± 103.0
LDL (mg/dL)	119.8 ± 33.0
HDL (mg/dL)	47.2 ± 13.0
Diabetes	148 (19)
HOMA-IR	2.2 ± 2.7
Metabolic syndrome	355 (45)
High school completion	416 (53)

Data are expressed as n (%) or mean ± SD. NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein.

Table 2 Baseline demographic, anthropomorphic and physiologic characteristics of the study population: Hispanics of Mexican and Hispanics of Dominican origin n (%)

Variable	Mexican(n = 524)	Dominican(n = 121)	P value
NAFLD	179 (34)	21 (17)	< 0.001
Age (yr)	62 ± 10.3	59 ± 10.7	0.005
Male gender	256 (49)	45 (37)	0.02
BMI (kg/m2)	30.1 ± 5.1	27.8 ± 4.6	< 0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	102.0 ± 12.4	96.5 ± 12.8	< 0.001
Hypertension	172 (33)	54 (45)	0.01
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)	4.5 ± 5.7	3.8 ± 5.6	0.25
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	198.7 ± 37.8	197.9 ± 34.6	0.84
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	176.7 ± 113.9	124.8 ± 61.3	< 0.001
LDL (mg/dL)	118.4 ± 32.5	124.4 ± 34.1	0.07
HDL (mg/dL)	46.1 ± 12.4	48.8 ± 12.7	0.03
Diabetes	108 (21)	15 (12)	0.10
HOMA insulin resistance	2.4 ± 3.2	1.5 ± 1.0	0.002
Metabolic syndrome	266 (51)	36 (30)	< 0.001
High school completion	266 (51)	59 (49)	0.69

Data are expressed as n (%) or mean ± SD. NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein.

Table 3 Baseline demographic, anthropomorphic and physiologic characteristics of the study population: Hispanics of Mexican and Hispanics of Puerto Rican origin n (%)

Variable	Mexican(n = 524)	Puerto Rican(n = 143)	P value
NAFLD	179 (34)	25 (17)	< 0.001
Age (yr)	62 ± 10.3	60 ± 10.5	0.07
Male gender	256 (49)	60 (42)	0.14
BMI (kg/m2)	30.1 ± 51	29.5 ± 5.2	0.29
Waist circumference (cm)	102.0 ± 12.4	100.3±14.0	0.16
Hypertension	172 (33)	54 (38)	0.27
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)	4.5 ± 5.7	4.2 ± 3.6	0.52
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	198.7 ± 37.8	198.2 ± 36.6	0.89
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	176.7 ± 113.9	139.5 ± 73.1	< 0.001
LDL (mg/dL)	118.4 ± 32.5	121.0 ± 33.7	0.40
HDL (mg/dL)	46.1 ± 12.4	49.6 ± 14.6	0.01
Diabetes	108 (21)	25 (17)	0.61
HOMA	2.4 ± 3.2	1.9 ± 1.5	0.05
Metabolic syndrome	266 (51)	53 (37)	0.003
High school completion	266 (51)	91 (64)	0.01

Data are expressed as n (%) or mean ± SD. NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein.

Table 4 Baseline demographic, anthropomorphic and physiologic characteristics of the study population: Hispanics of Puerto Rican and Hispanics of Dominican origin n (%)

Variable	Dominican(n = 121)	Puerto Rican(n = 143)	P value
NAFLD	21 (17)	25 (17)	0.98
Age (yr)	59 ± 10.7	60 ± 10.5	0.35
Male gender	60 (42)	45 (37)	0.43
BMI (kg/m2)	27.8 ± 4.6	29.5 ± 5.2	0.006
Waist circumference (cm)	96.5 ± 12.8	100.3 ± 14.0	0.02
Hypertension	54(38)	54 (45)	0.25
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)	3.8 ± 5.6	4.2 ± 3.6	0.56
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	197.9 ± 34.6	198.2 ± 36.5	0.95
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	124.8 ± 61.3	139.5 ± 73.1	0.08
LDL (mg/dL)	124.4 ± 34.1	121.0 ± 33.7	0.42
HDL (mg/dL)	48.8 ± 12.7	49.6±14.6	0.67
Diabetes	15 (12)	25 (17)	0.25
HOMA	1.5 ± 1.0	1.9 ± 1.5	0.02
Metabolic syndrome	36 (30)	53 (37)	0.21
High school completion	59 (49)	91 (64)	0.02

Data are expressed as n (%) or mean ± SD. NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein.

Table 5 Crude and adjusted odds ratios for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by Hispanic subgroup with Hispanics of Mexican origin as the reference population

Hispanic subgroup	Total (n)	With NAFLD (n)	Crude			Adjusted
			OR	95%CI	P value	OR	95%CI	P value
Mexican	524	179	1 (ref)			1 (ref)
Dominican	121	21	0.40	0.24-0.67	< 0.001	0.49	0.28-0.86	0.01
Puerto Rican	143	25	0.41	0.26-0.65	< 0.001	0.44	0.29-0.86	0.002

Multivariate regression analysis was performed, controlling for age, sex, BMI, waist circumference, hypertension, level of education (completion of high school), serum HDL levels, serum triglycerides levels, serum C-reactive protein levels and homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity. NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Table 6 Comparison of predictors in Hispanic subgroups with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease n (%)

Variable	Mexican(n = 179)	Dominican(n = 21)	Puerto Rican(n = 25)	P value
Age (yr)	60 ± 9.9	62 ± 9.9	58 ± 10.5	0.43
Male gender	86 (48)	7 (33)	11 (44)	0.43
BMI (kg/m2)	32.0 ± 5.4	29.5 ± 5.0	32.2 ± 5.4
Waist circumference (cm)	105.7 ± 12.5	103.7 ± 14.0	107.0 ± 13.9	0.67
Hypertension	68 (38)	11 (52)	15 (60)	0.07
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)	5.1 ± 5.3	7.1 ± 8.2	5.9 ± 4.2	0.24
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	196.8 ± 41.4	190.0 ± 31.0	197.3 ± 31.6	0.74
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	202.4 ± 140.6	138.6 ± 54.8	173.5 ± 106.7	0.08
LDL (mg/dL)	114.1 ± 31.1	117.6 ± 26.4	120.0 ± 108.7	0.62
HDL (mg/dL)	43.3 ± 11.4	44.7 ± 9.5	44.4 ± 9.6	0.80
Diabetes	45 (25)	3 (14)	7 (28)	0.80
HOMA	3.1 ± 2.1	2.3 ± 1.4	2.6 ± 1.5	0.14
Metabolic syndrome	117 (66)	12 (57)	16 (64)	0.74
High school completion	87 (49)	8 (38)	16 (64)	0.20

Data are expressed as n (%) or mean ± SD. NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein.