Effect of resistance training on non-alcoholic fatty-liver disease a randomized-clinical trial

Table 1 Comparison between the two treatment arms (mean ± SD)

Parameter	Normal range	Total population	Resistance training	Stretching	P
		(n = 64)	(n = 33)	(n = 31)
Gender (males)		53.1%	48.5%	58.1%	0.443
Age (yr)		46.47 ± 10.76	46.32 ± 10.32	46.64 ± 11.4	0.909
HRI (score)		2.04 ± 0.45	2.11 ± 0.44	1.96 ± 0.46	0.203
BMI (kg/m2)	20-25	31.02 ± 4.32	30.75 ± 4.52	31.30 ± 4.14	0.617
Waist circumference (cm)		105.85 ± 10.43	105.05 ± 10.77	106.71 ± 10.16	0.527
Systolic BP (mmHg)		120.79 ± 11.94	119.24 ± 11.74	122.44 ± 12.13	0.288
Diastolic BP (mmHg)		76.52 ± 7.49	75.89 ± 7.40	77.19 ± 7.64	0.492
Trunk fat		43.45% ± 6.21%	44.28% ± 5.99%	42.55% ± 6.42%	0.268
Android fat		47.49% ± 6.41%	48.10% ± 6.30%	46.88% ± 6.57%	0.47
Total fat		39.81% ± 7.89%	40.64% ± 7.29%	38.92% ± 8.52%	0.390
Lean body mass		58.20% ± 7.50%	57.34% ± 6.89%	59.11% ± 8.12%	0.349
Physical activity (index)		5.18 ± 1.84	5.23 ± 1.80	5.13 ± 1.92	0.82
Glucose (mg/dL)	70-110	84.44 ± 9.28	83.82 ± 8.50	85.10 ± 10.15	0.586
Insulin (mcu/mL)	5-25	27.40 ± 10.34	26.75 ± 9.69	28.10 ± 11.11	0.605
HOMA (score)		5.80 ± 2.55	5.65 ± 2.41	5.97 ± 2.72	0.616
HbA1C		5.59 ± 0.47	5.59 ± 0.49	5.59 ± 0.46	0.976
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	150-200	186.94 ± 41.07	192.18 ± 50.81	181.35 ± 26.92	0.288
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	50-175	143.80 ± 66.03	144.88 ± 75.69	142.65 ± 55.15	0.894
HDL (mg/dL)		47.51 ± 11.17	48.32 ± 12.29	46.65 ± 9.96	0.553
LDL (mg/dL)		110.72 ± 33.56	114.94 ± 40.37	106.23 ± 24.22	0.296
ALT (U/L)	5-39	51.61 ± 36.13	53.00 ± 35.61	50.13 ± 37.20	0.753
AST (U/L)	5-40	33.19 ± 16.14	34.30 ± 17.49	32.00 ± 14.76	0.572
GGT (U/L)	5-50	50.74 ± 56.6	55.69 ± 73.88	45.65 ± 30.44	0.486
Ferritin (ng/mL)	7.1-151	152.89 ± 135.81	162.15 ± 128.24	142.64 ± 145.39	0.586

HRI: Hepatorenal-ultrasound index; BMI: Body mass index; BP: Blood pressure; HOMA: Homeostasis model assessment; HbA1C: Hemoglobin A1c; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyltransferase.

Table 2 Between group comparisons of changes from baseline to end of treatment and within group comparisons (mean ± SD)

Parameter	Normal range	Resistance training (n = 33)	Stretching (n = 31)	P value between groups
HRI (score)		-0.25 ± 0.37b	-0.05 ± 0.28	0.017
Weight (kg)		-0.39 ± 1.43	0.33 ± 1.21	0.036
BMI (kg/m2)	20-25	-0.13 ± 0.49	0.12 ± 0.41	0.036
Waist circumference (cm)		-0.79 ± 2.00a	0.70 ± 2.62	0.012
Systolic BP (mmHg)		1.27 ± 11.54	-1.19 ± 7.44	0.328
Diastolic BP (mmHg)		-2.53 ± 5.61a	-0.11 ± 4.43	0.066
Glucose (mg/dL)	70-110	2.24 ± 10.30	-0.23 ± 6.59	0.262
Insulin (mcu/mL)	5-25	0.82 ± 7.04	-0.62 ± 7.97	0.447
HOMA (score)		0.37 ± 2.04	-0.24 ± 1.75	0.209
HbA1C	3.9-6	-0.01% ± 0.13%	0.04% ± 0.14%	0.186
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	150-200	-8.61 ± 29.2	6.1 ± 17.25	0.018
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	50-175	-13.48 ± 62.30	11.55 ± 51.65	0.086
HDL (mg/dL)		0.13 ± 6.43	0.16 ± 5.64	0.984
LDL (mg/dL)		-6.09 ± 26.38	3.61 ± 14.57	0.076
ALT (U/L)	5-39	-5.30 ± 9.65b	-5.10 ± 14.43	0.946
AST (U/L)	5-40	-2.76 ± 7.75a	-2.68 ± 6.95a	0.965
GGT (U/L)	5-50	-4.25 ± 13.03	2.35 ± 16.48	0.082
Ferritin (ng/mL)		-18.29 ± 48.63a	8.25 ± 51.09	0.046
Total calories (kcal)		-527.55 ± 786.37b	-274.29 ± 871.19	0.230
Total fat (g)		-15.09 ± 35.24b	-5.87 ± 47.82b	0.386
Carbohydrates (g)		-84.08 ± 121.11b	-39.38 ± 98.72a	0.114
Protein (g)		-21.58 ± 41.54b	-19.30 ± 34.38b	0.813
Saturated fat (g)		-6.13 ± 10.39b	-3.07 ± 11.66	0.276
MUFA (g)		-4.00 ± 15.23	-2.44 ± 18.29	0.713
PUFA (g)		-3.45 ± 13.55	0.19 ± 16.64	0.344

For paired samples t-test,

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01 within group comparisons. HRI: Hepatorenal-ultrasound index; BMI: Body mass index; BP: Blood pressure; HOMA: Homeostasis model assessment; HbA1C: Hemoglobin A1c; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GGT: Gamma-glutamyltransferase; MUFA: Monounsaturated fat; PUFA: Polyunsaturated fat.