Clinical management of inflammatory bowel disease in the organ recipient

Table 1 Interaction between inflammatory bowel disease therapy and anti-reject therapy in inflammatory bowel disease patients after liver transplantation

Drug	Efficacy		Ref.
	IBD therapy	Anti-reject therapy
5-ASA	+		[3]
			[12]
Prednisone	+	+	[12]
			[21]
Azathioprine	+	+	[2]
Anti-TNFα	+		[15]
			[16]
			[13]
			[14]
			[18]
Tacrolimus	-	+	[2]
			[3]
Cyclosporine	+	+	[3]
Mycophenolate	-	+	[22]
Mofetil			[23]

TNFα: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; 5-ASA: 5-aminosalicylates.

Table 2 Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy for management of refractory inflammatory bowel disease after liver transplantation

Author	Number LT patients	Clinical outcome	Endoscopic outcome	Adverse events
Sandhu et al[13]	6	Response: 67%	-	Systemic lupus erythematosus
				Colorectal cancer
Mohabbat et al[14]	8	Response: 87.5%	Mucosal healing: 42.9%	Oral candidiasis
				Clostridium difficile colitis
				Bacterial pmeumonia
				Cryptosporidiosis
				Post-tansplant lympho-proliferative disorder
Lal et al[15]	1	Response: 100%	Improvement: 100%	No
El-Nachef et al[16]	2	Response: 100%	-	No
Indriolo et al[18]	4	Response: 75%	Mucosal healing: 33%	Molluscum contagiosum