Gastrointestinal motility disorders in inflammatory bowel diseases

Table 1 Summary of motor abnormalities and gastrointestinal symptoms in inflammatory bowel diseases patients in each segment of the gastrointestinal tract

Segment	Motor changes	Symptoms	Ref.
Esophagus	Aspecific, achalasia-like (rare)	Gastroesophageal reflux	[18,19,24,25]
Stomach	Delayed emptying	Not reported (?)	[30,31,34,35]
Biliary tree	Possible reduction of cyclic contractions of gallbladder due to deranged phase III and motilin peaks	Symptoms related to gallstones	[41,42]
Small bowel	Large amplitude, rapidly propagated waves in small bowel of UC after proctocolectomy	IBS-like symptoms	[49,57-60]
	Reduced small bowel contractions, increased incidence single and clustered propagated contractions in CD		[63,64]
Colon	Decreased contractility in UC with accelerated transit	Diarrhea	[75-77]
	Reduced tone after meals		[80]
	Increased propulsive activity		[81]
Anorectum	Low anal pressure, poor rectal distensibility, reduced compliance, enhanced perception	Incontinence, urgency	[84-88]
			[90-93]
			[94,95]

UC: Ulcerative colitis; CD: Crohn’s disease.