Posterior tibial nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence: Where are we?

Table 1 Posterior tibial nerve stimulation evidence summary n (%)

Ref.	Patient (n)	Type of PTNS	Time, frequency and duration of therapy	Follow-up	Stimulation endpoints	Efficacy	Study classification
Shafik et al[5]	32	Pct	30 min, alternate days	22 mo	Motor	27 (84)	Nonrandomised
			4 wk				controlled
Queralto et al[10]	10	Tct	20 min, daily	4 mo	Motor	8 (80)	Prospective uncontrolled
			4 wk
Mentes et al[43]	21 (spinal)	Pct	30 min, alternate days	3 mo	Motor	2 (100)	Prospective uncontrolled
			4 wk
Vitton et al[22]	122 (IBD)	Tct	20 min, daily	3 mo	Sub sensory	5 (42)	Prospective uncontrolled
			12 wk
Babber et al[44]	8	Pct	30 min, weekly	3 mo	Not specified	7 (87)	Prospective uncontrolled
			12 wk
De La Portilla et al[41]	16	Pct	30 min, weekly	6 mo	Motor and sensory	10 (62)	Prospective uncontrolled
			12 wk
Vitton et al[23]	24	Tct	20 min, daily	15 mo	Sub sensory	13 (54)	Prospective uncontrolled
			12 wk
Govaert et al[42]	22	Pct	30 min, twice weekly	12 mo	Motor and/or sensory	18 (82)	Prospective uncontrolled
			6 wk
3Boyle et al[18]	31	Pct	30 min, weekly	14 mo	Motor or sensory	21 (68)	Prospective uncontrolled
			12 wk
Findlay et al[45]	13	Pct	30 min, weekly	4 mo	Sub motor	12 (92)	Retrospective
			12 wk				uncontrolled
Eléouet et al[21]	32	Tct	20 min, twice daily	6 mo	Motor	20 (63)	Prospective
			4 wk				uncontrolled
3Allison[17]	90	Pct	30 min, twice weekly or weekly; 6 or 12 wk	21 mo	Motor or sensory	69 (77)	Prospective
							uncontrolled
3Hotouras et al[16]	100	Pct	30 min, twice weekly or weekly; 6 or 12 wk	6 mo	Motor or sensory	85 (85)	Prospective
							uncontrolled
Leroi et al[24]	144	Tct	20 min, twice daily	3 mo	Sub motor	34 (47)	Randomised
			3 mo				controlled trial
George et al[11]	11	Pct	30 min, twice weekly	6 mo	Motor and sensory	9 (82)
			6 wk				Randomised
	11	Tct	30 min, twice weekly	6 mo	Motor and sensory	5 (45)	controlled trial
			6 wk
Thomas et al[25]	15	Tct	30 min, daily	6 wk	Sensory	3 (20)
			6 wk				Prospective randomised
	15	Tct	30 min, twice weekly	6 wk	Sensory	0 (0)
			6 wk
Moreira et al[46]	10	Pct	30 min, weekly	3 mo	Not specified	6 (60)	Prospective
			12 wk				uncontrolled
3Hotouras et al[30]	150	Pct	30 min, twice weekly or weekly; 3 mo	26 mo	Motor or sensory	60 (52)	Prospective
							uncontrolled

¹Study included spinal injury patients;

²Study included patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD);

³Studies from the same institution - possibility of duplication of results. PTNS: Posterior tibial nerve stimulation; Pct: Percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation; Tct: Transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation.