Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic viral hepatitis B and C infection

Table 1 Risk factors and prediction scores for hepatitis B virus- and hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma

Risk factors	HBV-related HCC	HCV-related HCC
Increased age	√[11-15]	√[16]
Male gender	√[11,12,15]	√[16]
Increased serum HBV DNA levels	√[11,12,14,15]
Presence of cirrhosis	√[12-14]
Increased serum ALT concentration	√[11,15]
HBeAg positivity	√[11,15]
Presence of core promoter mutations	√[12]
Presence of virological remission after 24 mo	√[13]
Presence of hypoalbuminemia	√[13]
Decreased serum albumin	√[14]
Increased serum bilirubin	√[14]
HBV genotype C	√[15]
Presence of HBsAg	√[15]
Family history of HCC	√[15]
Presence of portal hypertension		√[16]
Presence of hepatic inflammation		√[16]
Increased iron storage levels		√[16]
Presence of sustained virological response		√[17]
Presence of complete viral suppression		√[17]

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase.

Table 2 Antiviral interventions for prevention of hepatitis B virus- and hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma

Antiviral interventions	HBV-related HCC	HCV-related HCC
IFN: IFN-α	+/-[28,29]	√[46]
Pegylated IFN		√[47]
NAs: Lamivudine	√[36]
Entecavir	√[37,38]
Ribavirin		√[47]
Vaccination	√[21,22]
Screening of blood product	√[27]	√[27]

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; IFN: Interferon; NA: Nucleotide analogs.

Table 3 Chemopreventive agents for hepatitis B virus- and hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma

Chemopreventive agents	HBV-related HCC	HCV-related HCC
Statins	√[42]
Antidiabetic medications	√[42]	√[42]
Aspirin	√[41,53]	√[53]
Propranolol		√[51]
FASN		√[52]
Dietory agents: Coffee	√[54]	√[54]
Vitamin E	√[54]	√[54]
Vitamin D		√[50]
Fish oil (n-3 PUFA)	√[55-57]	√[55-57]
Phytochemicals: Resveratrol	√[43]
EGb	√[44]

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acid; FASN: Fatty acid synthase; EGb: Extract of ginkgo biloba leaf.