Bile leakage test in liver resection: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of clinical studies of bile leakage test

Study	Design	Comparison	Material	Sample (trial:control)	Inclusion criteria	Liver disease	Country
Ijichi et al[11], (2000)	RCT	BL Test vs N-BL Test	Saline solution	51:51	Liver resection	Tumor	Japan
Liu et al[13], (2012)	RCT	BL Test vs N-BL Test	Fat emulsion	53:54	Liver resection	Tumor or hepatolithiasis	China
Li et al[12], (2009)	Controlled clinical trial	BL Test vs N-BL Test	Fat emulsion	57:70	Major liver resection	Tumor	Germany
Suehiro et al[24], (2005)	Controlled clinical trial	BL Test vs N-BL Test	ICG	40:40	Liver resection	Liver donor	Japan
Lam et al[2], (2001)	Controlled clinical trial	BL Test vs N-BL Test	Methylene	304:312	Liver resection	Tumor	Hong Kong
			blue
Leelawat et al[26], (2012)	Controlled clinical trial	White Test vs Saline Solution Test	Fat emulsion	30:30	Liver resection	Tumor	Thailand
Sakaguchi et al[27], (2010)	Controlled clinical trial	ICGF Test vs N-ICGF Test	ICG	27:32	Liver resection	Tumor	Japan
Kaibori et al[25], (2011)	RCT	ICGF Test vs N-ICGF Test	ICG	52:50	Liver resection	Tumor	Japan

ICGF: Indocyanine green solution with fluorescent imaging. RCT: Randomized controlled trial; ICG: Indocyanine green; BL: Bile leakage.

Table 2 Quality assessment of the included randomized controlled trials based on the Jadad scoring system

Study	Randomized	Appropriate randomization	Appropriately double blinded	Description of withdrawals	Jadad score	Study quality
Ijichi et al[11], (2000)	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	3	High
Liu et al[13], (2012)	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	3	High
Kaibori et al[25], (2011)	Yes	No	No	Yes	2	Low

Table 3 Quality assessment of the included non-randomized controlled trials based on the Newcastle-Ottawa scale

Study	Selection star	Comparability star	Outcome star	Total star	Study quality
Li et al[12], (2009)	4	2	3	9	High
Suehiro et al[24], (2005)	3	2	3	8	High
Lam et al[2], (2001)	3	1	3	7	High
Leelawat et al[26], (2012)	4	2	3	9	High
Sakaguchi et al[27], (2010)	3	1	3	7	High

Table 4 Intraoperative positive bile leakage and postoperative bile leakage treatment

Study	Intraoperative bile leakage	Postoperative bile leakage	Conservative treatment (n)	Puncture drainage (n)	ENBD (n)	Reoperation(n)
Ijichi et al[11], 2000	41.2% (21/51)	5.9% (3/51)	5	0	0	0
Liu et al[13], 2012	62.3% (33/53)	3.8% (2/53)	7	0	2	1
Li et al[12], 2009	71.4% (45/63)	5.3% (3/57)	No description	No description	1	2
Suehiro et al[24], 2005	No description	2.5% (1/40)	No description	No description	No description	No description
Lam et al[2], 2001	19.7% (60/304)	3.6% (11/304)	7	11	6	10
Leelawat et al[26], 2012	63.3% (19/30)	No description	2	0	0	0
Sakaguchi et al[27], 2010	29.6% (8/27)	0% (0/27)	2	0	0	0
Kaibori et al[25], 2011	80.8% (42/52)	0% (0/52)	2	1	2	0
Total	39.3% (228/580)	3.42% (20/584)	25 (41.0%)	12 (19.8%)	11 (18.0%)	13 (21.2%)

ENBD: Endoscopic nasobiliary drainage.