Complications and survival in patients undergoing colonic stenting for malignant obstruction

Table 1 Description of the study population

Variable	Mean	95%CI
Age (yr)	67.41	63.50-71.33
Male	55.71%	43.78%-67.64%
Female	44.29%	32.36%-56.22%
Hemoglobin	103	92-114
Platelets	273	238-308
Creatinine	92	76-109
Urea	6.76	4.85-8.67
ALT	37	30-44
AST	37	24-51
ALP	192	106-277
Albumin	30	29-32
Total bilirubin	17	8-26
INR	1.4	1.2-1.6
CEA	90	33-148
Indication
Palliation of colonic tumors	57.14%	34.06%-80.23%
Complete intestinal obstruction	38.10%	15.44%-60.75%
Extracolonic tumor causing obstruction	4.76%	0.01%-14.70%
Location of the obstruction
Ascending colon	1.45%	0.01%-4.34%
Transverse colon	4.35%	0.01%-9.28%
Splenic flexure	8.70%	1.88%-15.51%
Descending colon	7.25%	0.97%-13.52%
Sigmoid colon	69.57%	58.44%-80.70%
Rectum	8.70%	1.88%-15.51%
Length of stricture (cm)	5.16	4.52-5.82
Stage of the tumor
Stage III	36.17%	21.91%-50.43%
Stage IV	63.83%	49.57%-78.09%
Successful SEMS insertion	93.85%	87.85%-99.85%
Failed SEMS insertion	6.15%	0.15%-12.15%
Number of SEMS inserted
A single SEMS	87.32%	79.39%-95.25%
Two SEMS	12.68%	4.75%-20.61%
Complications
Perforation	4.10%	0.01%-8.77%
Migration	8.21%	0.02%-14.67%
Stent re-occlusion	2.74%	0.01%-6.57%
Went for surgery	65.15%	53.35%-76.95%
No surgery	34.85%	23.05%-46.65%
Received neoadjuvant chemotherapy	52.38%	29.09%-75.68%
From symptom onset to SEMS insertion	5	3-6
From SEMS insertion to surgery	34	19-49
From SEMS insertion to last follow-up or death (d)
Full cohort	425	297-554
Patients who had surgery	608	420-796
Patients who had palliative therapy	137	83-191

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; INR: International normalized ratio; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; SEMS: Self-expandable metal stents.

Table 2 Factors associated with the development of complications (perforation, migration, and stent re-occlusion)

Variables	Complication				P value
	Yes		No
	Mean	95%CI	Mean	95%CI
Age	70	58.37-81.63	66.97	62.60- 71.34	0.56
Sex
Male	12.82%	2.00%-23.64%	87.18%	76.36%-98.00%	0.17
Female	25.80%	9.87%-41.74%	74.19%	58.26%-90.13%
Hemoglobin	106	73-140	102	92-114	0.84
Platelet count	287	176-398	271	234-308	0.38
Creatinine	90	76-104	93	73-113	0.76
Urea	5.44	2.78-8.09	7.04	4.77-9.32	0.83
Albumin	29.31	25.11-33.50	30.49	28.56-32.43	0.59
Alanine aminotransferase	53	17-88	34	30-37	0.28
Aspartate aminotransferase	86	7-165	28	21-34	0.13
Alkaline phosphatase	439	1-930	144	92-196	0.21
Total bilirubin	37	1-88	13	8-17	0.33
International normalized ratio	1.15	1.06-1.24	1.44	1.19-1.68	0.03
Carcinoembryonic antigen	188	0-439	69	19-148	0.32
Length of stenosis (cm)	5.43	4.75-6.11	5.09	4.24-5.93	0.49
Duration between symptoms and stenting (d)	5	1.62-8.38	4.59	2.94-6.24	0.80
Duration between stenting and surgery (d)	51.33	10.96-91.70	28.34	11.76-44.93	0.26
Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy	17.14%	4.22%-30.07%	22.22%	5.92%-38.53%	0.62
Number of stents	1.15	0.93-1.38	1.1	1.03-1.20	0.66