Cardiovascular disease risk factor profiles in children with celiac disease on gluten-free diets

Table 1 Descriptive data of the study populations at diagnosis (T0) and recruitment (T1)

Variable	Israel	Italy	P-value
n	70	44
Sex (female)	71.40%	59.10%	0.176
Age at diagnosis (mo)	77.0 ± 43.5	68.7 ± 48.5	0.185
Duration of GFD (mo)	38.9 ± 30.4	69.7 ± 55.6	< 0.00011
Weight Z-score
T0	-0.405 ± 1.21	-0.931 ± 1.36	0.357
T1	-0.172 ± 1.25	-0.240 ± 1.19	0.881
Height Z-score
T0	-0.397 ± 1.14	-0.682 ± 1.40	0.455
T1	-0.192 ± 1.78	-0.310 ± 1.02	0.227
BMI Z-score
T0	-0.103 ± 1.1	-0.369 ± 1.0	0.489
T1	-0.025 ± 1.2	-0.162 ± 1.2	0.760

¹Statistically significant. Values are mean ± SD or number of subjects (percentage). BMI: Body mass index; GFD: gluten-free diet.

Table 2 Changes in height, weight, and body mass index at diagnosis (T0) and recruitment (T1) n (%)

Variable	T0	T1	P-value
Z-score height	-0.447 ± 1.1	-0.238 ± 1.1	0.0011
Z-score weight	-0.567 ± 1.3	-0.198 ± 1.2	< 0.0011
BMI Z-score	-0.207 ± 1.1	-0.078 ± 1.2	0.103
BMI categories2
Underweight	11/114 (9.6)	12/114 (10.5)
Normal weight	87/114 (76.3)	79/114 (69.3)
Overweight	10/114 (8.8)	13/114 (11.4)
Obese	6/114 (5.3)	10/114 (8.8)	0.105

¹Statistically significant;

²Classification[13]. Values are mean ± SD or number of subjects (percentage). BMI: Body mass index.

Table 3 Lipidic, glycemic and insulinemic profile at enrollment in the two populations n (%)

Variable	Israel	Italy	P-value
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	158.3 ± 27.6	162.5 ± 24.9	0.570
Cholesterol LDL (mg/dL)	95.4 ± 21	89.9 ± 22.3	0.116
Cholesterol HDL (mg/dL)	49.9 ± 10.6	59.4 ± 12.4	< 0.0011
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	71.1 ± 25.2	62.7 ± 20.9	0.055
LDL cholesterol classes2
Normal	44/70 (62.9)	28/44 (63.6)
Borderline	22/70 (31.4)	12/44 (27.3)
Hypercholesterolemia	4/70 (5.7)	4/44 (9.1)	0.742
Glucose (mg/dL)	83.4 ± 6.9	80.3 ± 8.8	0.04613
Insulin μU/mL	3.3 ± 2.7	7.5 ± 4.3	< 0.00113
HOMA index	0.69 ± 0.6	1.55 ± 1.0	0.00113
Insulin resistance
HOMA-IR < 3.16	69/70 (98.6)	41/44 (93.2)
HOMA-IR > 3.16	1/70 (1.4)	3/44 (6.8)	0.108

¹Statistically significant;

²AAP classification[15];

³P-values are adjusted for age, gender, body mass index (BMI) Z-score, Tanner stage and duration of diet. Values are mean ± SD or number of subjects (percentage). HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance; LDL: Low density lipoprotein.