Hyperglycemia is a significant prognostic factor of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative therapy

Table 1 Characteristics of patients undergoing curative radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma n (%)

Variable	Value
Sex (male/female)	204/140
Age(yr)	67.6 ± 8.4
Etiology of liver disease: HBV/HCV/NBNC	30/278/36
AST (IU/L)	84.0 ± 34.5
ALT (IU/L)	73.2 ± 36.5
GGT (IU/L)	82.9 ± 96.8
T-Chol (mg/dL)	157.8 ± 32.0
TG (mg/dL)	112.3 ± 55.7
Mean blood sugar (mg/dL)	139.3 ± 44.0
Diabetes mellitus	159 (48)
BMI > 25 kg/m2	86 (25)
Maximum diameter of HCC nodule (mm)	19.9 ± 0.3
Number of HCC nodules: single/2 or 3	260/84
AFP (ng/mL)	214 ± 1025
Alcohol drinking > 60 g/d	9 (2.6)
Child-Pugh grade: A/B	307/37

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; NBNV: Neither HBV nor HCV; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; GGT: γ-glutamyltransferase; T-Chol: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; BMI: Body mass index; AFP: α-fetoprotein; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Table 2 Multivariate analysis of factors associated with recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma

Factors	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P-value
First recurrence
Inadequate maintenance of blood glucose	1.97 (1.33-2.91)	0.0007
Multiple HCC nodules	2.03 (1.51-2.73)	< 0.0001
AFP ≥ 100 ng/mL	1.43 (1.04-1.97)	0.028
Second recurrence
Inadequate maintenance of blood glucose (mg/dL)	1.99 (1.23-3.22)	0.0049
Multiple HCC nodules	1.53 (1.06-2.22)	0.024

Inadequate maintenance of blood glucose was defined as an average of casual blood glucose of ≥ 200 mg/dL. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; AFP: α-fetoprotein.

Table 3 Multivariable analysis of factors associated with survival

Factors	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P-value
Inadequate maintenance of blood glucose	2.77 (1.38-5.57)	0.0046
Alcohol drinking ≥ 60 g/d	6.34 (1.35-29.7)	0.019
Child Pugh grade B	2.24 (1.12-4.46)	0.022
AFP ≥ 100 ng/mL	3.40 (1.88-6.18)	< 0.0001

Inadequate maintenance of blood glucose was defined as an average of casual blood glucose of ≥ 200 mg/dL. AFP: α-fetoprotein.