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©2013 Baishideng Publishing Group Co.
World J Gastroenterol. May 7, 2013; 19(17): 2612-2620
Published online May 7, 2013. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i17.2612
Published online May 7, 2013. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i17.2612
Table 1 Prevalence of celiac disease in different countries
Country | Prevalence | Characteristics of populations studied | Antibody test method | ||||
n | Age (yr) mean/median (range) | Males | tTGA | AGA | EMA | ||
Population-representative samples | |||||||
Germany (present study) | 1:270 | 2157 | 42.6 (18-65) | 48.03% | - | - | - |
New Zealand[1] | 1:82 | 1064 | 50.2 (> 18) | 39.80% | - | - | |
Iran[2] | 1:104 | 2799 | 33.7 (18-66) | 50% | - | - | |
Ireland[3] | 1:122 | 1823 | NA (15-65) | NA | - | - | |
Sweden[4] | 1:190 | 1894 | 50 (25-74) | 50% | - | - | |
Netherlands[5] | 1:286 | 1440 | 40.6 (20-59) | 46% | - | - | |
Spain[6] | 1:390 | 1170 | 44.9 (2-89) | 44.70% | - | - | |
Italy[7] | 1:559 | 2237 | 44 (20-87) | 46.90% | - | ||
Greece[8] | 1:558 | 2230 | 46 (18-80) | 45% | - | - | |
Finland[9] | 1:47 | 2815 | NA (52-74) | 48% | - | ||
Finland[10] | 1:42 | 4846 | NA (30-64) | 47% | - | - | |
Italy[10] | 1:145 | 2759 | NA (30-64) | 42% | - | - | |
Germany[10] | 1:344 | 3098 | NA (30-64) | 49% | - | - | |
Blood donors | |||||||
Mexico[11] | 1:37 | 1009 | 34 (NA) | 68% | - | ||
Italy[12] | 1:100 | 1002 | 33 (13-90) | 43.40% | - | - | |
United States[13] | 1:105 | 2845 | NA | 43% | - | - | - |
Iceland[14] | 1:136 | 813 | 36 (17-64) | 76.30% | - | ||
Brazil[15] | 1:214 | 2045 | 32.8 (18-61) | 87.60% | - | - | |
Netherlands[16] | 1:333 | 1000 | NA | NA | - | ||
Norway[17] | 1:340 | 2069 | 3 (18-67) | 66.30% | - | - | |
Iran[18] | 1:400 | 2000 | 35.5 (18-65) | 79% | - | - | |
Brazil[19] | 1:681 | 2045 | 32.8 (18-61) | 87.60% | - | - | |
Non-population representative collectives | |||||||
Turkey[20] | 1:100 | 906 | 38.6 (20-59) | 50% | - | ||
Switzerland[21] | 1:132 | 1450 | NA (12-18) | 39.90% | - | - | |
Argentina[22] | 1:167 | 2000 | 29 (16-79) | 50% | - | - | |
Tunisia[23] | 1:709 | 1418 | 27.5 (17-57) | 73% | - | - | |
England[24] | 1:83 | 7550 | 59 (45-76) | 41% | - | - |
Table 2 Clinical presentation in subjects with seronegative findings but with histories suggestive of celiac disease
Age (yr), sex | Clinical presentation |
41 yr, female | Diagnosed in 2000, histology unavailable as report destroyed |
Diarrhea, weight loss of 43 kg prior to diagnosis, adynamia, flatulence, psychiatric symptoms, paresthesias in the fingers | |
In last six months, new onset of epilepsy with petit-mal seizures | |
18 yr, female | Diagnosed in 2000, histology unavailable as report destroyed; control biopsies in 1990 and 2005 both without evidence of several signs typical for celiac disease |
62 yr, female | Sicca syndrome, lactose intolerance, diarrhea and weight loss |
Diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, bone pain, alopecia, osteoporosis, cheilosis. Bronchiectasis known for years | |
60 yr, female | Diagnosed in 1989, no other data available |
40 yr, female | Diagnosed in 1989 |
Sporadic constipation, meteorism, no diarrhea | |
56 yr, male | Weight loss, abdominal pain, depressive phases, muscle cramps, eczema on the legs and perianal, meteorism, diarrhea after drinking wheat beer |
Table 3 Change in celiac-specific antibody titers over time
No. | Age (yr), sex | Initial examination | First follow up | ||||
tTG-IgA (U/mL) | AGA (U/mL) | EMA | tTG-IgA (U/mL) | AGA (U/mL) | EMA | ||
Classic celiac disease | |||||||
2 | 58, F | 5.5 | 19.4 | Weak Pos | Neg | Neg | Neg |
4 | 20, F | > 100 | 27.6 | Pos | Neg | Neg | Neg |
5 | 52, F | 44.9 | 24.7 | Pos | Neg | Neg | Neg |
17 | 56, M | Neg | 78.1 | Pos | Neg | Neg | Neg |
18 | 62, F | Neg | Neg | Neg | 7 | > 100 | Neg |
Atypical celiac disease | |||||||
1 | 40, M | > 100 | 69.6 | Pos | 29.9 | 38.1 | Pos |
3 | 42, F | 41.9 | 56.2 | Pos | 27 | 20.1 | Pos |
Transient celiac disease | |||||||
16 | 18, F | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg |
Table 4 Clinical presentation, histology and human leukocyte antigen findings in subjects with celiac disease
No. | Age (yr), sex | Histology | HLA DQ2 | Clinical presentation |
Classical celiac disease | ||||
2 | 58, F | IIIc | Pos | Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, angular cheilitis, osteoporosis, depression, brittle nails, hypothyroidism |
4 | 20, F | IIIa-IIIc | Pos | Diarrhea, weight variability, circulatory collapse, cheilosis, depression, anxiety, insomnia, brittle nails, restless-leg syndrome |
5 | 52, F | IIIb | Pos | Fatigue, 1 intestinal cramping, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, paresthesias in the hands, joint, bone and abdominal pains, anxiety, depression, Sicca syndrome, muscle cramps |
17 | 56, M | IIIc | Pos | Weight loss, abdominal cramping, depressive phases, muscle cramps, anal eczema, meteorism, diarrhea following consumption of wheat beer |
18 | 62, F | IIIc | Pos | Diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, bone pain, alopecia, osteoporosis, cheilosis, bronchiectasia |
Atypical celiac disease | ||||
1 | 40, M | 0, IIIc | Pos | Psoriatic lesion on the head |
3 | 42, F | IIIc | Pos | No symptoms, suspected lactose intolerance |
Transient celiac disease | ||||
16 | 18, F | NoHisto, ED 1985 | Neg | Diarrhea, weight loss, Sicca syndrome, lactose intolerance since 2004 |
- Citation: Kratzer W, Kibele M, Akinli A, Porzner M, Boehm BO, Koenig W, Oeztuerk S, Mason RA, Mao R, Haenle MH. Prevalence of celiac disease in Germany: A prospective follow-up study. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19(17): 2612-2620
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v19/i17/2612.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v19.i17.2612