Cognitive functioning and depressive symptoms in adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease

Table 1 Background data of the study groups

	IBD (n = 34)		JIA (n = 23)
Age (yr)	16.3 ± 1.7	13.6-19.7	15.5 ± 1.2	14.0-18.6
Age at receiving the diagnosis (yr)	12.7 ± 3.5	2.0-16.7	9.0 ± 4.6	1.3-15.0
Gender (female)	15 (44)		14 (61)
Socioeconomic status1
Class I	10 (32)		11 (50)
Class II	9 (29)		3 (14)
Class III	12 (39)		7 (32)
Class IV	0 (0)		1 (5)
State (acute)	20 (59)		0 (0)
Disease duration
Less than one year	6 (18)		2 (9)
One to two years	10 (29)		1 (4)
More than two years	18 (53)		20 (87)

¹Data missing for three inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and one juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients. Data are expressed as absolute n (%) or mean ± SD.

Table 2 Neuropsychological test results (row scores) in the study groups

	IBD (n = 34)	JIA (n = 23)	IBD vs JIA
			F1	υ	P value
Attention
WMS-R: Digit span forward	7.3 ± 1.4	7.0 ± 1.8	0.866	1, 53	0.356
WMS-R: Visual span forward	8.3 ± 1.6	8.5 ± 2.0	0.054	1, 53	0.817
TMT: A (time)	31.2 ± 8.6	31.0 ± 8.6	0.000	1, 53	0.989
Executive functioning
TMT: B (time)	74.7 ± 25.3	66.4 ± 15.0	0.812	1, 53	0.372
TMT: B-A (time)	43.6 ± 22.1	35.3 ± 14.0	0.986	1, 53	0.325
Stroop: Interference score (time)	56.5 ± 13.9	57.9 ± 19.5	0.190	1, 50	0.665
Working memory
WMS-R: Digit span backward	6.3 ± 1.7	6.1 ± 1.5	0.596	1, 53	0.444
WMS-R: Visual span backward	8.7 ± 1.3	8.3 ± 1.3	1.218	1, 53	0.275
Processing speed
WAIS-R: Digit symbol	55.3 ± 10.0	56.7 ± 9.7	0.001	1, 53	0.970
Basic ability
WAIS-R: Vocabulary	39.7 ± 9.7	40.6 ± 10.4	0.0492	1, 53	0.826
Logical reasoning/social insight
WAIS-III: Picture arrangement	13.4 ± 4.0	12.9 ± 4.2	0.277	1, 52	0.601
Verbal learning and memory
CVLT: Total recall of trials 1-5	55.3 ± 8.7	56.8 ± 8.3	0.009	1, 53	0.925
CVLT: Short-delay free recall	11.7 ± 2.9	11.4 ± 3.1	0.2502	1, 53	0.619
CVLT: Long-delay free recall	12.3 ± 2.5	12.5 ± 2.3	0.010	1, 53	0.920
CVLT: Discriminability	1.0 ± 0.0	1.0 ± 0.0	0.280	1, 53	0.599
CVLT: Perseverative errors	6.0 ± 4.3	3.3 ± 2.9	8.249	1, 53	0.006
CVLT: Intrusion errors	2.8 ± 3.4	2.0 ± 2.8	0.527	1, 53	0.471
CVLT: Semantic clustering	1.8 ± 0.7	1.7 ± 0.7	0.168	1, 53	0.683
CVLT: Learning slope	1.3 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.5	0.3462	1, 53	0.559

¹A one-way analysis of variance (group and gender as independent factors);

²Levene’s test of equality of error variances P < 0.05. IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; JIA: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis; WMS-R: Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised; WAIS-III: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition; WAIS-R: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised; TMT: Trail Making Test; CVLT: California Verbal Learning Test.