Pathogenesis of achalasia cardia

Table 1 Studies comparing autoantibody levels between achalasia patients and control subjects

Authors	Tests	Autoantibody, n/N (%)		P value
		Achalasia	Control
Storch et al[32]	Indirect immunofluorescence	37/58 (64)	4/54 (7) in healthy	< 0.0001
			Absent in 12 of Hirschsprung’s disease
			Absent in 12 esophageal cancer
Verne et al[33]	Double-label Indirect immunofluorescence	7/18 (40)	Absent in 22 healthy	< 0.05
			Absent in 9 GERD
Ruiz-de-León et al[34]	Indirect immunofluorescence	50/92 (54.3)	3/40 (7.5)	< 0.001
Moses et al[36]	Immunohistochemistry	23/45 (51)	2/22 (9) in healthy control	< 0.001
			8/16 (50) of GERD	NS

GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; NS: Not significant.

Table 2 Studies showing association between achalasia and human leukocyte antigen

Authors	Allele	Allele frequency, n/N (%)		Pc value	Autoantibody in achalasia, n/N (%)		P value
		Achalasia	Control		AM positive	AM negative
Ruiz-de-León et al[34]	DQA1*0103	27/92 (29.3)	40/275 (14.5)	< 0.02	22/50 (44)	5/42 (20)	< 0.02
	DQB1*0603	23/92 (25)	33/275 (12)	0.05	19/50 (38)	4/42 (10)	0.05
Latiano et al[40]	DQB1*0502	(10.2)	(4.1)	0.016	Antineuronal antibodies:10/41 (24.4) in achalasiaNone in controlsBoth HLA risk allele and antibody: in one patientNone in controls
	DQB1*0601	(5.93)	(0.51)	0.001
	DQA1	-	-	NS

AM: Anti-myenteric; HLA: Human leukocyte antigen; NS: Not significant.