Family history influences the early onset of hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 General characteristics of the study population n (%)

		Totaln = 2242	FHx (-)n = 2077 (92.6%)	FHx (+)n = 165 (7.4%)	P value
Gender	Male	1765 (78.7)	1639 (78.9)	126 (76.4)	0.441
	Female	477 (21.3)	438 (21.1)	39 (23.6)
Age	Median (min-max)	57.0 (18.0-89.0)	57.0 (18.0-89.0)	52.0 (29.0-79.0)	< 0.0001
	< 20	1 (0.1)	1 (0.1)	0 (0.0)	< 0.001
	20-29	13 (0.5)	12 (0.6)	1 (0.6)
	30-39	112 (5.0)	99 (4.8)	13 (7.9)
	40-49	458 (20.4)	410 (19.7)	48 (29.1)
	50-59	722 (32.2)	661 (31.8)	61 (37.0)
	60-69	640 (28.6)	606 (29.2)	34 (20.6)
	70-79	256 (11.4)	248 (11.9)	8 (4.8)
	≥ 80	40 (1.8)	40 (1.9)	0 (0.0)
Etiology	HBV	1683 (75.1)	1548 (74.5)	135 (81.8)	0.236
	HCV	296 (13.2)	280 (13.5)	16 (9.6)
	Alcohol	70 (3.1)	68 (3.3)	2 (1.2)
	Combined	32 (1.4)	31 (1.5)	1 (0.6)
	Others	50 (2.2)	45 (2.2)	5 (3.0)
	Unknown	111 (5.0)	105 (5.0)	6 (3.6)
HBV	HBV (+)	1713 (76.4)	1577 (75.9)	136 (82.4)	0.058
	HBV (-)	529 (23.6)	500 (24.1)	29 (17.6)
HCV	HCV (+)	315 (14.1)	298 (14.3)	17 (10.3)	0.15
	HCV (-)	1927 (85.9)	1779 (86.7)	148 (89.6)
Stage	I	185 (8.3)	167 (8.0)	18 (10.9)	0.221
	II	655 (29.2)	602 (29.0)	54 (32.7)
	III	648 (28.9)	610 (29.4)	38 (23.1)
	IVa and IVb	753 (33.6)	698 (33.6)	55 (33.3)
Lab,	ALT (U/L)	47.0 (3.0-3505.0)	47.0 (3.0-3505.0)	47.5 (3.0-840.0)	0.987
median (min-max)	TB (mg/mL)	1.1 (0.1-47.6)	1.1 (0.1-47.6)	1 (0.1-26.0)	0.868
	Alb (g/dL)	3.5 (1.2-9.6)	3.5 (1.2-9.6)	3.7 (1.6-5.0)	0.106
	Platelet (x 103/μL)	121.5 (8.0-1084.0)	121.0 (18.0-1084.0)	133.0 (8.0-635.0)	0.181
Tumor markers,	AFP (ng/ mL)	69.1 (0.0-529 470.0)	67.00 (0.0-529 470.0)	110.8 (1.1-53 606.0)	0.972
median (min-max)	PIVKA-II (Mau/mL)	88.0 (1.0-16 636.8)	92.0 (1.0-16 636.8)	80.0 (6.0-2000.0)	0.990

AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; Alb: Serum albumin; ALT: Alanine transaminase; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; FHx: Family history; PIVKA-II: Protein induced by vitamin K deficiency-II; TB: Serum total bilirubin.

Table 2 Distribution of patients with positive family history by age and tumor staging n (%)

	n	Age (yr, median)	Range	P value
Family members
Father	29	53	29.0-78.0	0.101
Mother	42	48.5	33.0-79.0
Siblings	102	39	30.0-48.0
HBV infection		HBV (+) (n = 136)	HBV (-) (n = 29)
Age	Median (min-max)	52.0 (30.0-78.0)	57.0 (29.0-79.0)	0.065
	< 20	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.001
	20-29	0 (0.0)	1 (3.4)
	30-39	12 (8.8)	1 (3.4)
	40-49	39 (28.7)	9 (31.0)
	50-59	56 (41.2)	5 (17.5)
	60-69	26 (19.1)	8 (27.6)
	70-79	3 (2.2)	5 (17.2)
	≥ 80	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Stage	1	17 (12.5)	1 (3.4)	0.056
	2	46 (33.8)	8 (27.6)
	3	26 (19.1)	12 (41.4)
	4	47 (33.6)	8 (27.6)
HCV infection		HCV (+) (n = 18)	HCV (-) (n = 147)
Age	Median (min-max)	54.0 (29.0-75.0)	52.0 (30.0-79.0)	0.629
	< 20	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0.026
	20-29	1 (5.9)	0 (0.0)
	30-39	1 (5.9)	12 (8.1)
	40-49	5 (29.4)	43 (29.1)
	50-59	3 (17.6)	58 (39.2)
	60-69	6 (35.3)	28 (18.9)
	70-79	1 (5.9)	7 (4.7)
	≥ 80	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Stage	1	18 (12.2)	0 (0.0)	0.335
	2	49 (33.1)	5 (29.4)
	3	32 (21.6)	6 (35.3)
	4	49 (33.1)	6 (35.3)

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; FHx: Family history.

Table 3 Characteristics of study subjects based on hepatitis B virus infection and family history n (%)

		HBV (+) (n = 1713)		P value	HBV (-) (n = 529)		P value
		FHx (+) (n = 136)	FHx (-) (n = 1577)		FHx (+) (n = 29)	FHx (-) (n = 500)
Age, median (range)		52 (30.0-78.0)	57 (18.0-89.0)	< 0.0001	57 (29.0-79.0)	61 (22.0-88.0)	0.164
Age group	< 45	26 (19.1)	197 (12.5)	0.028	5	57	0.244
	≥ 45	110 (80.9)	1380 (87.5)		24	443
Stage	1	17 (12.5)	122 (7.7)	0.018	1 (2.2)	45 (9.0)	0.364
	2	46 (33.8)	443 (28.1)		8 (27.6)	159 (31.8)
	3	26 (19.1)	473 (30.0)		12 (41.4)	137 (27.4)
	4	47 (34.6)	539 (34.2)		8 (27.6)	159 (31.8)
non-HBV	HCV				16 (55.2)	280 (56.0)	0.481
	Alcohol				2 (6.9)	68 (13.6)
	Combined				0 (0.0)	2 (0.4)
	Others				5 (17.2)	45 (9.0)
	Unknown				6 (20.7)	105 (21.0)

HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; FHx: Family history.