Effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride on rat intestinal barrier function during cardiopulmonary bypass

Table 1 Physiological data (mean ± SD, n = 8)

	Groups	Pre-CPB	CPB 30 min	CPB 60 min	Post-CPB 2 h
MAP (mmHg)	Controls	86.33 ± 16.82	84.26 ± 14.55	85.45 ± 10.36	83.63 ± 11.24
	CPB + vehicle	84.50 ± 7.05	62.14 ± 15.23ac	67.08 ± 19.12ac	72.18 ± 17.39
	CPB + L-PHC	85.45 ± 9.36	66.58 ± 11.26ac	69.78 ± 14.05ac	76.15 ± 13.65
	CPB + H-PHC	87.54 ± 10.43	65.73 ± 9.85ac	70.85 ± 12.36ac	77.84 ± 12.36
HR (beats/min)	Controls	325 ± 34	320 ± 25	315 ± 20	324 ± 15
	CPB + vehicle	315 ± 30	286 ± 28	305 ± 42	310 ± 37
	CPB + L-PHC	305 ± 26	315 ± 34	302 ± 38	304 ± 27
	CPB + H-PH	310 ± 20	296 ± 25	301 ± 35	305 ± 30
PH	Controls	7.40 ± 0.02	7.41 ± 0.03	7.39 ± 0.02	7.40 ± 0.02
	CPB + vehicle	7.41 ± 0.03	7.38 ± 0.05	7.35 ± 0.06	7.39 ± 0.02
	CPB + L-PHC	7.38 ± 0.04	7.43 ± 0.02	7.41 ± 0.03	7.36 ± 0.04
	CPB + H-PHC	7.42 ± 0.01	7.42 ± 0.03	7.38 ± 0.04	7.43 ± 0.02
BE (mmol/L)	Controls	-1.96 ± 0.45	-2.36 ± 0.75	-1.54 ± 0.85	-1.95 ± 0.54
	CPB + vehicle	-1.86 ± 0.35	-1.36 ± 0.26	-1.60 ± 0.84	-2.30 ± 1.50
	CPB + L-PHC	-1.75 ± 0.26	-1.55 ± 0.96	-1.95 ± 0.63	-2.04 ± 0.72
	CPB + H-PHC	-1.85 ± 0.36	-2.05 ± 0.90	-1.74 ± 0.42	-2.45 ± 0.14
HCT (%)	Controls	41.10 ± 1.85	40.20 ± 1.53	40.60 ± 1.46	39.80 ± 1.35
	CPB + vehicle	41.80 ± 3.73	26.45 ± 4.24ac	21.54 ± 3.71ac	27.82 ± 3.66ac
	CPB + L-PHC	42.20 ± 2.45	27.65 ± 3.65ac	23.05 ± 5.30ac	29.53 ± 5.45ac
	CPB + H-PHC	42.45 ± 2.50	28.76 ± 5.38ac	22.46 ± 4.25ac	28.75 ± 4.56ac

Controls summarize the results from sham-operated rats treated with saline or penehyclidine hydrochloride.

^aP < 0.05 vs baseline;

^cP < 0.05 vs controls. CPB: Cardiopulmonary bypass; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; HCT: Hematocrit; BE: Buffer excess; HR: Heart rate.

Table 2 Plasma diamine oxidase, D-lactate and endotoxin levels (mean ± SD, n = 8)

	DAO (U/L)	D-lactate(mg/L)	Endotoxin(pg/mL)
Controls	0.543 ± 0.061	5.697 ± 0.272	14.75 ± 2.46
CPB + vehicle	1.038 ± 0.252a	9.377 ± 0.769a	60.37 ± 5.63a
CPB + L-PHC	0.998 ± 0.062ae	7.835 ± 0.330ae	38.56 ± 4.28ae
CPB + H-PHC	0.637 ± 0.064ac	6.972 ± 0.349ac	29.64 ± 5.49ac

Controls summarize the results from sham-operated rats treated with saline or penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC). Data are shown as medians, n = 8 rats for each group. CPB: Cardiopulmonary bypass; H-PHC: High-dose PHC; L-PHC: Low-dose PHC; DAO: Diamine oxidase. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05.

^aP < 0.05 vs baseline;

^cP < 0.05 vs CPB group;

^eP < 0.05 vs H-PHC group.

Table 3 Numbers of animals pretreated with vehicle or penehyclidine hydrochloride with positive bacteriological cultures from blood (portal vein), mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen and lungs after induction of cardiopulmonary bypass

	Portal vein	MLN	Liver	Lungs	Spleen	Total
Controls	0	0	0	0	0	0/40
CPB + vehicle	7	8	6	4	5	30/40ac
CPB + L-PHC	3	4	3	2	2	14/30ac
CPB + H-PHC	2	3	1	0	0	6/40a

Controls summarize the results from sham-operated rats treated with saline or penehyclidine hydrochloride (PHC). MLN: Mesenteric lymph node; CPB: Cardiopulmonary bypass; H-PHC: High-dose PHC; L-PHC: Low-dose PHC.

^aP < 0.05 vs controls;

^cP < 0.05 vs L-PHC group.