Antibiotic prophylaxis in variceal hemorrhage: Timing, effectiveness and Clostridium difficile rates

Table 1 Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of patients (mean ± SD) n (%)

Parameter	Alive (n = 57)	Dead (n = 13)	Total (n = 70)
Sex (M:F)	38:19 (66.7)	11:2 (84.6)	49:21 (70.0)
Age (yr)	52.93 ± 13.07	51.46 ± 10.52	52.66 ± 12.65
Etiology
ALD	37 (64.9)	9 (69.2)	46 (65.7)
HCV	1 (1.8)	0 (0)	1 (1.4)
MISC	8 (14.0)	3 (23.1)	11 (15.7)
DUAL	6 (10.5)	1 (7.7)	7 (10.0)
NASH	5 (8.8)	0 (0)	5 (7.1)
INR	1.58 ± 0.47	1.78 ± 0.66	1.62 ± 0.52
Creatinine	86.23 ± 33.87	99.38 ± 42.28	88.67 ± 35.95
Bilirubin	86.74 ± 95.89	190.23 ± 158.96	105.96 ± 117.47a
Sodium	136.89 ± 5.46	135.23 ± 6.10	136.59 ± 5.62
MELD	14.79 ± 6.76	20.38 ± 7.58	15.83 ± 7.25a

^aP < 0.05. ALD: Alcoholic liver disease; HCV: Hepatitis C viral infection; MISC: Miscellaneous; DUAL: Dual aetiology; NASH: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; INR: International normalised ratio; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease.

Table 2 Univariate analysis for 28-d outcome following first variceal hemorrhage

Variable	Mortality at 28 d			Rebleeding at 28 d
	P value	OR	95% CI	P value	OR	95% CI
MELD	0.02	-	-	0.20	-	-
Antibiotics within 8 h (peri-endoscopy)	0.04	0.279	0.078-0.997	0.27	0.491	0.138-1.741
Hepatorenal failure	< 0.01	11.25	2.243-56.421	0.71	1.389	0.249-7.755
Sepsis	0.03	4.029	1.113-14.581	0.89	0.902	0.218-3.730

MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis for 28-d survival following first variceal hemorrhage

Variable	P value	OR	95% CI
MELD	0.01	1.155	1.041-1.281
Antibiotics within 8 h (peri-endoscopy)	0.01	0.149	0.033-0.681

MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.