Brief Article
Copyright ©2010 Baishideng Publishing Group Co.
World J Gastroenterol. Aug 28, 2010; 16(32): 4055-4060
Published online Aug 28, 2010. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i32.4055
Table 1 Clinical characteristics and dietary patterns in male cohorts (n = 5144)
Levels of alcohol consumption (g/d)
P value
Non-drinkers (n = 3557)< 16 (n = 372)16-35 (n = 465)36-64 (n = 353)> 64 (n = 397)
Age (yr)48.8 ± 19.546.4 ± 19.345.4 ± 17.842.9 ± 16.239.5 ± 14.1< 0.01
Body mass index (kg/m2)26.3 ± 4.125.5 ± 3.725.7 ± 3.625.9 ± 3.726.0 ± 3.90.87
Body weight (kg)79.3 ± 14.376.9 ± 12.778.3 ± 12.379.1 ± 13.679.4 ± 14.00.82
Cigarette smoking (%)24.825.53741.950.6< 0.01
Waist to hip ratio0.96 ± 0.070.95 ± 0.070.95 ± 0.070.94 ± 0.070.94 ± 0.070.94
AST (U/L)22.8 ± 12.722.6 ± 8.324.1 ± 11.926.4 ± 18.729.7 ± 26.1< 0.01
ALT (U/L)19.7 ± 15.219.1 ± 12.820.1 ± 13.421.6 ± 16.525.5 ± 23.2< 0.01
Physical activity76.7 ± 109.291.6 ± 108.491.2 ± 113.871.6 ± 98.171.5 ± 105.5< 0.01
Total energy from food (kcal/d)2 213 ± 8382432 ± 8502500 ± 8482606 ± 8573155 ± 1018< 0.01
kcal from alcohol (%)03.5 ± 2.18.0 ± 3.913.6 ± 6.224 ± 11.3< 0.01
kcal from carbohydrate (%)50.8 ± 10.747.7 ± 10.644.4 ± 9.842.2 ± 9.136.6 ± 8.4< 0.01
kcal from protein (%)16.1 ± 5.115.9 ± 4.615.5 ± 4.414.6 ± 4.112.9 ± 4.1< 0.01
kcal from fat (%)34.6 ± 9.034.1 ± 9.133.2 ± 9.230.7 ± 8.327.2 ± 9.2< 0.01
kcal from monosaturated fat (%)13.1 ± 4.013.0 ± 4.112.7 ± 4.111.7 ± 3.810.4 ± 3.8< 0.01
kcal from polysaturated fat (%)7.3 ± 3.47.0 ± 3.27.1 ± 3.56.2 ± 2.85.7 ± 3.3< 0.04
Table 2 Multivariate linear regression analysis of total daily food energy and other macronutrients adjusting for covariates by level of alcohol intake1
Levels of alcohol consumption (g/d)P value
Male subjectsNon-drinkers (n = 3557)< 16 (n = 372)16-35 (n = 465)36-64 (n = 353)> 64 (n = 397)
Total energy from food (kcal/d)2228.5 ± 8182419.6 ± 8502454.5 ± 8472559.6 ± 8573052.1 ± 1018< 0.05
kcal from carbohydrate (%)50.2 ± 10.647.0 ± 10.644.1 ± 9.841.9 ± 9.036.5 ± 8.3< 0.01
kcal from protein (%)16.1 ± 5.116.0 ± 4.515.5 ± 4.414.7 ± 4.113.1 ± 4.1< 0.05
kcal from fat (%)34.8 ± 9.034.4 ± 9.133.3 ± 9.230.7 ± 9.327.1 ± 9.2< 0.05
kcal from monosaturated fat (%)13.1 ± 4.013.1 ± 4.012.7 ± 4.111.8 ± 3.910.4 ± 3.8< 0.05
kcal from polysaturated fat (%)7.2 ± 3.36.9 ± 3.27.1 ± 3.46.1 ± 2.75.6 ± 3.3< 0.05
Female subjectsNon-drinkers (n = 4062)< 13 (n = 161)13-21 (n = 169)22-38 (n = 172)> 38 (n = 169)
Total energy from food (kcal/d)1683 ± 6681794 ± 6121881 ± 7351838 ± 6512256 ± 861< 0.01
kcal from carbohydrate (%)51.5 ± 10.848.0 ± 10.345.4 ± 10.143.4 ± 10.138.2 ± 8.4< 0.01
kcal from protein (%)15.8 ± 5.115.7 ± 4.515.1 ± 4.414.8 ± 4.312.4 ± 3.9< 0.01
kcal from fat (%)34.1 ± 9.433.8 ± 9.134.0 ± 10.131.5 ± 9.027.2 ± 9.0< 0.01
kcal from monosaturated fat (%)12.7 ± 4.012.7 ± 4.013.0 ± 4.512.1 ± 4.110.1 ± 3.4< 0.05
kcal from polysaturated fat (%)7.3 ± 3.77.1 ± 3.27.0 ± 3.66.8 ± 3.65.9 ± 3.3< 0.05
Table 3 Clinical characteristics and dietary patterns in female cohorts (n = 4733)
Levels of alcohol consumption (g/d)
P value
Non-drinkers (n = 4062)< 13 (n = 161)13-21 (n = 169)22-38 (n = 172)> 38 (n = 169)
Age (yr)49.1 ± 19.545.6 ± 18.445.4 ± 17.641.9 ± 15.241.3 ± 14.3< 0.01
Body mass index (kg/m2)26.3 ± 5.025.1 ± 4.524.9 ± 4.924.8 ± 4.524.8 ± 4.5< 0.05
Body weight (kg)67.3 ± 13.964.8 ± 11.865.7 ± 14.166.3 ± 11.966.4 ± 13.0< 0.05
Cigarette smoking (%)192530.135.444.9< 0.01
Waist to hip ratio0.87 ± 0.080.85 ± 0.070.86 ± 0.080.86 ± 0.110.86 ± 0.080.94
AST (U/L)19.8 ± 12.118.9 ± 6.723.4 ± 30.920.9 ± 11.520.5 ± 9.4< 0.01
ALT (U/L)14.6 ± 13.813.8 ± 8.815.1 ± 14.214.6 ± 10.514.6 ± 10.7< 0.01
Physical activity56.9 ± 90.978.6 ± 105.781.6 ± 107.370.5 ± 94.870.7 ± 104.3< 0.01
Total energy from food (kcal/d)1667 ± 6671816 ± 6461903 ± 7351895 ± 6512316 ± 860< 0.01
kcal from alcohol (%)03.7 ± 2.26.8 ± 3.411.6 ± 4.423.2 ± 11.4< 0.01
kcal from carbohydrate (%)52.4 ± 10.848.9 ± 10.546.1 ± 10.143.8 ± 10.138.4 ± 8.7< 0.01
kcal from protein (%)15.8 ± 5.015.6 ± 4.515.0 ± 4.414.7 ± 4.212.3 ± 3.9< 0.01
kcal from fat (%)33.4 ± 9.433.2 ± 9.233.6 ± 10.131.4 ± 9.027.3 ± 9.3< 0.01
kcal from monosaturated fat (%)12.3 ± 4.012.4 ± 4.112.8 ± 4.411.9 ± 4.110.1 ± 3.8< 0.01
kcal from polysaturated fat (%)7.3 ± 3.67.1 ± 3.37.1 ± 3.56.9 ± 3.66.0 ± 3.4< 0.04