Relationship between alcohol intake and dietary pattern: Findings from NHANES III

doi:10.3748/wjg.v16.i32.4055

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastroenterol. Aug 28, 2010; 16(32): 4055-4060
Published online Aug 28, 2010. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i32.4055

Table 1 Clinical characteristics and dietary patterns in male cohorts (n = 5144)

	Levels of alcohol consumption (g/d)					P value
	Non-drinkers (n = 3557)	< 16 (n = 372)	16-35 (n = 465)	36-64 (n = 353)	> 64 (n = 397)	P value
Age (yr)	48.8 ± 19.5	46.4 ± 19.3	45.4 ± 17.8	42.9 ± 16.2	39.5 ± 14.1	< 0.01
Body mass index (kg/m²)	26.3 ± 4.1	25.5 ± 3.7	25.7 ± 3.6	25.9 ± 3.7	26.0 ± 3.9	0.87
Body weight (kg)	79.3 ± 14.3	76.9 ± 12.7	78.3 ± 12.3	79.1 ± 13.6	79.4 ± 14.0	0.82
Cigarette smoking (%)	24.8	25.5	37	41.9	50.6	< 0.01
Waist to hip ratio	0.96 ± 0.07	0.95 ± 0.07	0.95 ± 0.07	0.94 ± 0.07	0.94 ± 0.07	0.94
AST (U/L)	22.8 ± 12.7	22.6 ± 8.3	24.1 ± 11.9	26.4 ± 18.7	29.7 ± 26.1	< 0.01
ALT (U/L)	19.7 ± 15.2	19.1 ± 12.8	20.1 ± 13.4	21.6 ± 16.5	25.5 ± 23.2	< 0.01
Physical activity	76.7 ± 109.2	91.6 ± 108.4	91.2 ± 113.8	71.6 ± 98.1	71.5 ± 105.5	< 0.01
Total energy from food (kcal/d)	2 213 ± 838	2432 ± 850	2500 ± 848	2606 ± 857	3155 ± 1018	< 0.01
kcal from alcohol (%)	0	3.5 ± 2.1	8.0 ± 3.9	13.6 ± 6.2	24 ± 11.3	< 0.01
kcal from carbohydrate (%)	50.8 ± 10.7	47.7 ± 10.6	44.4 ± 9.8	42.2 ± 9.1	36.6 ± 8.4	< 0.01
kcal from protein (%)	16.1 ± 5.1	15.9 ± 4.6	15.5 ± 4.4	14.6 ± 4.1	12.9 ± 4.1	< 0.01
kcal from fat (%)	34.6 ± 9.0	34.1 ± 9.1	33.2 ± 9.2	30.7 ± 8.3	27.2 ± 9.2	< 0.01
kcal from monosaturated fat (%)	13.1 ± 4.0	13.0 ± 4.1	12.7 ± 4.1	11.7 ± 3.8	10.4 ± 3.8	< 0.01
kcal from polysaturated fat (%)	7.3 ± 3.4	7.0 ± 3.2	7.1 ± 3.5	6.2 ± 2.8	5.7 ± 3.3	< 0.04

AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase.

Table 2 Multivariate linear regression analysis of total daily food energy and other macronutrients adjusting for covariates by level of alcohol intake¹

	Levels of alcohol consumption (g/d)					P value
Male subjects	Non-drinkers (n = 3557)	< 16 (n = 372)	16-35 (n = 465)	36-64 (n = 353)	> 64 (n = 397)
Total energy from food (kcal/d)	2228.5 ± 818	2419.6 ± 850	2454.5 ± 847	2559.6 ± 857	3052.1 ± 1018	< 0.05
kcal from carbohydrate (%)	50.2 ± 10.6	47.0 ± 10.6	44.1 ± 9.8	41.9 ± 9.0	36.5 ± 8.3	< 0.01
kcal from protein (%)	16.1 ± 5.1	16.0 ± 4.5	15.5 ± 4.4	14.7 ± 4.1	13.1 ± 4.1	< 0.05
kcal from fat (%)	34.8 ± 9.0	34.4 ± 9.1	33.3 ± 9.2	30.7 ± 9.3	27.1 ± 9.2	< 0.05
kcal from monosaturated fat (%)	13.1 ± 4.0	13.1 ± 4.0	12.7 ± 4.1	11.8 ± 3.9	10.4 ± 3.8	< 0.05
kcal from polysaturated fat (%)	7.2 ± 3.3	6.9 ± 3.2	7.1 ± 3.4	6.1 ± 2.7	5.6 ± 3.3	< 0.05
Female subjects	Non-drinkers (n = 4062)	< 13 (n = 161)	13-21 (n = 169)	22-38 (n = 172)	> 38 (n = 169)
Total energy from food (kcal/d)	1683 ± 668	1794 ± 612	1881 ± 735	1838 ± 651	2256 ± 861	< 0.01
kcal from carbohydrate (%)	51.5 ± 10.8	48.0 ± 10.3	45.4 ± 10.1	43.4 ± 10.1	38.2 ± 8.4	< 0.01
kcal from protein (%)	15.8 ± 5.1	15.7 ± 4.5	15.1 ± 4.4	14.8 ± 4.3	12.4 ± 3.9	< 0.01
kcal from fat (%)	34.1 ± 9.4	33.8 ± 9.1	34.0 ± 10.1	31.5 ± 9.0	27.2 ± 9.0	< 0.01
kcal from monosaturated fat (%)	12.7 ± 4.0	12.7 ± 4.0	13.0 ± 4.5	12.1 ± 4.1	10.1 ± 3.4	< 0.05
kcal from polysaturated fat (%)	7.3 ± 3.7	7.1 ± 3.2	7.0 ± 3.6	6.8 ± 3.6	5.9 ± 3.3	< 0.05

¹Adjusted for age, body weight, physical activity, and smoking status.

Table 3 Clinical characteristics and dietary patterns in female cohorts (n = 4733)

	Levels of alcohol consumption (g/d)					P value
	Non-drinkers (n = 4062)	< 13 (n = 161)	13-21 (n = 169)	22-38 (n = 172)	> 38 (n = 169)	P value
Age (yr)	49.1 ± 19.5	45.6 ± 18.4	45.4 ± 17.6	41.9 ± 15.2	41.3 ± 14.3	< 0.01
Body mass index (kg/m²)	26.3 ± 5.0	25.1 ± 4.5	24.9 ± 4.9	24.8 ± 4.5	24.8 ± 4.5	< 0.05
Body weight (kg)	67.3 ± 13.9	64.8 ± 11.8	65.7 ± 14.1	66.3 ± 11.9	66.4 ± 13.0	< 0.05
Cigarette smoking (%)	19	25	30.1	35.4	44.9	< 0.01
Waist to hip ratio	0.87 ± 0.08	0.85 ± 0.07	0.86 ± 0.08	0.86 ± 0.11	0.86 ± 0.08	0.94
AST (U/L)	19.8 ± 12.1	18.9 ± 6.7	23.4 ± 30.9	20.9 ± 11.5	20.5 ± 9.4	< 0.01
ALT (U/L)	14.6 ± 13.8	13.8 ± 8.8	15.1 ± 14.2	14.6 ± 10.5	14.6 ± 10.7	< 0.01
Physical activity	56.9 ± 90.9	78.6 ± 105.7	81.6 ± 107.3	70.5 ± 94.8	70.7 ± 104.3	< 0.01
Total energy from food (kcal/d)	1667 ± 667	1816 ± 646	1903 ± 735	1895 ± 651	2316 ± 860	< 0.01
kcal from alcohol (%)	0	3.7 ± 2.2	6.8 ± 3.4	11.6 ± 4.4	23.2 ± 11.4	< 0.01
kcal from carbohydrate (%)	52.4 ± 10.8	48.9 ± 10.5	46.1 ± 10.1	43.8 ± 10.1	38.4 ± 8.7	< 0.01
kcal from protein (%)	15.8 ± 5.0	15.6 ± 4.5	15.0 ± 4.4	14.7 ± 4.2	12.3 ± 3.9	< 0.01
kcal from fat (%)	33.4 ± 9.4	33.2 ± 9.2	33.6 ± 10.1	31.4 ± 9.0	27.3 ± 9.3	< 0.01
kcal from monosaturated fat (%)	12.3 ± 4.0	12.4 ± 4.1	12.8 ± 4.4	11.9 ± 4.1	10.1 ± 3.8	< 0.01
kcal from polysaturated fat (%)	7.3 ± 3.6	7.1 ± 3.3	7.1 ± 3.5	6.9 ± 3.6	6.0 ± 3.4	< 0.04

AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase.

Citation: Liangpunsakul S. Relationship between alcohol intake and dietary pattern: Findings from NHANES III. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16(32): 4055-4060
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v16/i32/4055.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v16.i32.4055