Synergistic effect of fatty liver and smoking on metabolic syndrome

doi:10.3748/wjg.15.5334

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Nov 14, 2009 (publication date) through Feb 11, 2025

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastroenterol. Nov 14, 2009; 15(42): 5334-5339
Published online Nov 14, 2009. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.5334

Table 1 Demographic data and lifestyle factors among study subjects (n = 3455), stratified by fatty liver and smoking habit (mean ± SD) n (%)

	Fatty liver (-)		Fatty liver (+)		P-value
	Non-smoker (n = 1702)	Smoker (n = 365)	Non-smoker (n = 1057)	Smoker (n = 331)	P-value
Age (yr)	45.9 ± 11.9	42.6 ± 10.8	49.9 ± 11.0	44.9 ± 9.4	< 0.0001
BMI (kg/m²)	22.0 ± 2.6	22.3 ± 2.7	25.7 ± 3.2	25.9 ± 3.0	< 0.0001
Male	681 (40)	290 (79.5)	695 (65.8)	315 (95.2)	< 0.0001
Drinking¹	127 (7.5)	99 (27.1)	122 (11.5)	93 (28.1)	< 0.0001
Physical activity²	944 (55.5)	242 (66.5)	568 (53.8)	223 (67.4)	< 0.0001

¹Alcohol consumption ≥ 1 time and ≤ 3 times per week (subjects who drank more than 3 times per week were excluded before analysis);

²Exercise ≥ 1 time per week. BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Clinical and biochemical characteristics of study subjects (n = 3455) classified by fatty liver and smoking habit (mean ± SD)

	Fatty liver (-)		Fatty liver (+)		P-value
	Non-smoker (n = 1702)	Smoker (n = 365)	Non-smoker (n = 1057)	Smoker (n = 331)	P-value
WC (cm)	79.9 ± 8.3	80.8 ± 7.4	88.1 ± 8.5	88.8 ± 7.4	< 0.0001
FPG (mg/dL)	89.2 ± 19.3	89.8 ± 21.4	101.9 ± 33.4	99.7 ± 33.4	< 0.0001
SBP (mmHg)	113.9 ± 19.8	111.8 ± 16.8	125.9 ± 20.1	122.4 ± 18.8	< 0.0001
DBP (mmHg)	68.6 ± 11.3	69.7 ± 10.9	76.5 ± 11.4	78.1 ± 10.6	< 0.0001
TG (mg/dL)	97.7 ± 49.5	130.1 ± 74.3	170.6 ± 129.3	225.9 ± 238.5	< 0.0001
HDL-C (mg/dL)	60.1 ± 14.9	52.6 ± 13.8	48.9 ± 11.4	44.3 ± 12.6	< 0.0001

WC: Waist circumference; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; TG: Triglyceride; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 3 Prevalence of metabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome among study subjects (n = 3455) classified by fatty liver and smoking habit n (%)

	Fatty liver (-)		Fatty liver (+)		P-value
	Non-smoker	Smoker	Non-smoker	Smoker	P-value
Central obesity¹	497 (29.2)	51 (14.0)	501 (47.4)	137 (41.4)	< 0.0001
FPG ≥ 100 mg/dL	164 (9.6)	40 (11.0)	317 (30.0)	76 (23.0)	< 0.0001
High blood pressure²	356 (20.9)	63 (17.3)	477 (45.1)	119 (36.0)	< 0.0001
TG ≥ 150 mg/dL	207 (12.2)	103 (28.2)	478 (45.2)	197 (59.5)	< 0.0001
Low HDL-C³	223 (13.1)	71 (19.5)	320 (30.6)	147 (44.4)	< 0.0001
Metabolic syndrome	123 (7.2)	33 (9.0)	364 (34.4)	121 (36.6)	< 0.0001

¹Waist circumference in men ≥ 90 cm or in women ≥ 80 cm;

²Systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg;

³High-density lipoprotein cholesterol in men < 40 mg/dL or in women < 50 mg/dL.

Table 4 ORs for metabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome among subgroups of subjects, analyzed by multiple logistic regression, adjusted for age, gender, drinking alcohol, and physical activity (n = 3455)

	Fatty liver (-)				Fatty liver (+)
	Non-smoker (n = 1702)		Smoker (n = 365)		Non-smoker (n = 1057)		Smoker (n = 331)
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Central obesity¹	1 (reference)		0.7	0.5-1.1	3.5^a	2.9-4.2	4.5^a	3.3-6.1
FPG ≥ 100 mg/dL	1 (reference)		1.3	0.8-1.9	3.6^a	2.9-4.6	2.8^a	2.0-4.1
High blood pressure²	1 (reference)		0.7	0.5-1.0	2.7^a	2.2-3.2	1.7^a	1.3-2.3
TG ≥ 150 mg/dL	1 (reference)		2.4^a	1.8-3.2	5.3^a	4.4-6.5	8.1^a	6.0-10.9
Low HDL-C³	1 (reference)		2.0^a	1.4-2.7	3.4^a	2.7-4.1	8.3^a	6.1-11.3
Metabolic syndrome	1 (reference)		1.4	0.9-2.2	6.6^a	5.2-8.4	9.5^a	6.7-13.4

^aP < 0.05.

¹Waist circumference in men ≥ 90 cm or in women ≥ 80 cm;

²Systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg;

³High-density lipoprotein cholesterol in men < 40 mg/dL or in women < 50 mg/dL. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 5 ORs for metabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome among fatty liver groups, analyzed by multiple logistic regression, adjusted for age, gender, drinking alcohol, and physical activity (n = 1388)

	Fatty liver (+)
	Non-smoker (n = 1057)		Smoker (n = 331)
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Central obesity¹	1 (reference)		1.2	0.9-1.6
FPG ≥ 100 mg/dL	1 (reference)		0.7	0.5-1.1
High blood pressure²	1 (reference)		0.6	0.5-0.9
TG ≥ 150 mg/dL	1 (reference)		1.5^a	1.2-2.0
Low HDL-C³	1 (reference)		2.7^a	2.0-3.7
Metabolic syndrome	1 (reference)		1.3^a	1.0-1.8

^aP < 0.05.

¹Waist circumference in men ≥ 90 cm or in women ≥ 80 cm;

²Systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg;

³High-density lipoprotein cholesterol in men < 40 mg/dL or in women < 50 mg/dL.

Citation: Chiang PH, Chang TY, Chen JD. Synergistic effect of fatty liver and smoking on metabolic syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15(42): 5334-5339
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v15/i42/5334.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.5334