Hepatic portal venous gas: Physiopathology, etiology, prognosis and treatment

Table 1 Pathologies associated with hypoperfusion in neonates

Etiologies of hypoperfusion in preterm infants
Patent ductus arteriosus
Sepsis
Polycythemia
In utero cocaine exposure
Peri- or postnatal asphyxia
Respiratory distress syndrome
Congenital heart disease
Umbilical catheters use and exchange transfusion

Table 2 Etiologies of bowel ischemia

Etiologies
Thromboembolism	Atherosclerosis
	Arterial dissection
	Aortic surgery
	Neoplasm, inflammatory or infectious causes
Vasculitis	Producing occlusion of large, medium and small arteries
Segmental mediolytic arteriopathy	Characterized by a non inflammatory arteriopathy causing lysis of adult visceral arteries
Bowel obstruction	Distension of proximal bowel loops resulting in venous congestion
	Strangulation of mesenteric vessels
Abdominal trauma	Blunt abdominal trauma causing intestinal stenosis with late chronic presentation
	Penetrating trauma with direct injury to the major mesenteric vessels
Neoplasms	Invasion of the major mesenteric vessels by the tumor
	Over distension and fecal material stagnation above an obstacle
Abdominal inflammatory conditions	Mesenteric, portal and splenic vein thrombosis
Chemotherapy, drugs and corrosive injury	Vasoconstriction
	Hypotension
	Thromboembolism
	Liquefaction necrosis (Alkalis)
	Coagulative necrosis (Acids)
Radiation	Obliteration of small arterioles producing a progressive occlusive vasculitis