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©2009 The WJG Press and Baishideng.
World J Gastroenterol. Jul 21, 2009; 15(27): 3329-3340
Published online Jul 21, 2009. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.3329
Published online Jul 21, 2009. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.3329
Table 1 Bile acids induce DNA damage in cells of the esophagus
Cells/tissues | Bile acids that induce DNA damage | Assay for damage | Ref. |
Cultured SV40-transformed, squamous esophageal epithelial cells (HET1-A) and Barrett’s associated adenocarcinoma cells (FLO-1) | DCA; also cocktail containing GCA, TCA, TCDCA | Comet assay1 for strand breaks | [18] |
Cultured SV40-transformed, squamous esophageal epithelial cells (HET1-A) | DCA | Comet assay for strand breaks; evidence for oxidative mechanism involving nitric oxide | [19] |
Cultured human adenocarcinoma cells (OE33) | DCA | Micronuclei assay; induction of micronuclei by DCA, reduced by antioxidants | [1520] |
Biopsies from human Barrett’s esophageal metaplastic tissue | Cocktail containing DCA, GCA, TCA, GDCA, GCDCA | 8-OHdG, an oxidized form of the DNA base guanine; assayed by IHC | [14] |
Mouse model of esophagitis and Barrett’s esophagus | DCA (as dietary supplement; also zinc deficiency) | 8-OHdG assayed by IHC | [17] |
Table 2 Bile acids induce apoptosis in liver cells
Cells/tissues | Bile acid(s) that induced apoptosis | Ref. |
Isolated rat hepatocytes | GDCA | [6465] |
GCDCA | [5566] | |
GCDCA, GCA | [57] | |
GCDCA | [67] | |
Isolated rat and mouse hepatocytes | DCA | [68] |
Liver tissue sections from rats fed DCA, and cultured human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HuH-7) | DCA | [58] |
Cultured rat hepatocyes (McNtcp.24 cells) | GCDC | [6970] |
Cultured human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HuH-7) | GCDCA | [71] |
Rat hepatocytes and human hepatoma carcinoma cells (HuH-7) | Taurolithocholate-3-sulfate | [59] |
Table 3 Bile acids induce ROS/RNS in colon cells
Cells/tissues | Bile acid(s) that induced ROS/RNS | Ref. |
Human colon surgical resections | DCA (RNS) | [110] |
Cultured human adenocarcinoma cells (CACO-2) | DCA, LCA (ROS) | [111] |
Cultured human adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) | DCA, LCA (ROS) | [112] |
DCA (ROS) | [36113] | |
DCA (RNS) | [114] | |
Cultured human adenocarcinoma cells (HCT116) | DCA (ROS) | [109115116] |
DCA (RNS) | [117] | |
Rat colonic mucosa | DCA (ROS) | [118] |
Mouse colonic mucosa | DCA (ROS, RNS) | [119] |
Table 4 Bile acids induce DNA damage in colon cells
Cells/tissues | Bile acid(s) | Assay for DNA damage | Ref. |
Isolated mouse colon crypt cells | LCA | Nucleoid sedimentation for strand breaks | [122] |
Isolated human and rat colon cells LCA | LCA | Comet assay for strand breaks | [123] |
Isolated rat colon cells | DCA | Immunostaining for poly (ADP-ribose) an indicator of DNA damage | [124] |
Freshly isolated normal human colonocytes | DCA, CDCA | Comet assay for strand breaks | [125] |
Cultured human adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) | DCA, CDCA | Comet assay for strand breaks and modified comet assay for oxidative DNA damage | |
Cultured human adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) | DCA, LCA | Comet assay for strand breaks | [112126] |
Cultured human adenocarcinoma cells (CACO-2) | DCA, LCA | Comet assay for oxidative DNA damage | [111] |
Cultured human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HCT-116 & HCT-15) | DCA | Comet assay for strand breaks | [127] |
Cultured human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HCT-116 & HT-29) | DCA | Comet assay for strand breaks | [128] |
Cultured human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HCT-116) | DCA | Induction of the DNA repair protein BRCA-1 | [129] |
Induction of DNA damage inducible gene GADD153 | [130] | ||
Comet assay | [116] | ||
Cultured human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HCT-116 and HCT-15) | DCA | Induction of DNA damage inducible genes GADD34, GADD45, GADD153 | [131] |
Colon samples from mouse dietary colitis model | DCA | Oxidative DNA damage: 8-OHdG assayed by immunohistochemistry | [119] |
Table 5 Bile acids induce apoptosis in colon cells
Cells/tissues | Bile acid(s) that induced apoptosis | Ref. |
Biopsies from normal human colonic mucosa | DCA | [135–139] |
Colon adenoma cell lines (AA/C1 and RG/C2), and carcinoma cell line (PC/JW/F1) | DCA | [140] |
Cultured human adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29 and CaCo-2) | DCA | [141142] |
Cultured human adenocarcinoma cells (HCT-116) | DCA, CDCA | [130143–146] |
DCA | [116147–149] | |
Cultured human adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) | DCA | [114] |
Cultured human adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29 and HCT-116) | DCA | [150] |
DCA | [128] | |
DCA, LCA, CDCA | [151] | |
Cultured human adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) and human fetal colonic mucosal cells (FHC) | DCA, LCA, CA, CDCA | [152] |
Cultured human adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29, SW480, SW620) | DCA, CDCA | [153154] |
Cultured human adenocarcinoma cells [HCT-116 (p53+) and HCT-15 (p53-)] | DCA | [127] |
Cultured human adenocarcinoma cells (HCT-116SA apoptosis-sensitive and HCT-116RB, HCT-116RC and HCT-116RD apoptosis resistant) | DCA | [155] |
Human colonic mucosal samples from surgical resections | DCA | [156] |
- Citation: Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Payne CM, Dvorak K. Bile acids as endogenous etiologic agents in gastrointestinal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15(27): 3329-3340
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v15/i27/3329.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.3329