Antidiabetic therapy and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic liver disease

Table 1 Frequency of type 2 diabetes mellitus in HCC, LC and control groups

Subjects (n)	DM2 -ve n (%)	DM2 +ve n (%)	OR (95% CI)	P
Total
HCC(465)	320 (68.8)	145 (31.2)	3.12 (2.2-4.4)a	< 0.001
Controls (490)	428 (87.3)	62 (12.7)	2.09 (1.5-2.9)c	< 0.001
LC (618)	474 (76.7)	144 (23.3)
Males
HCC (364)	246 (67.6)	118 (32.4)	3.14 (2.1-4.6)b	< 0.00001
Controls (385)	334 (86.7)	51 (13.3)	1.99 (1.3-2.9)d	0.000
LC (450)	341 (75.8)	109 (24.2)
Females
HCC (101)	74 (73.3)	27 (26.7)	3.11 (1.3-7.4)e	0.002
Controls (105)	94 (89.5)	11 (10.5)	2.59 (1.2-5.9)f	0.008
LC (168)	133 (79.2)	35 (20.8)

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

^aP < 0.001, HCC group vs control group;

^bP < 0.00001, HCC group vs control group;

^cP < 0.001, LC group vs control group;

^dP = 0.0002, LC group vs control group;

^eP = 0.002, HCC group vs control group;

^fP ≤ 0.008, LC group vs control group.

Table 2 Etiology, mean age and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in 465 HCC patients (mean ± SD)

Etiology	HCC n (%)	Age (yr)	Prevalence of DM2 (%)
HBV	20 (4.3)	63.3 ± 10.3a	3 (15.0)
HCV	177 (38.1)	71.5 ± 7.3a	47 (26.5)bc
Alcohol	141 (30.4)	66.7 ± 8.5a	52 (36.9)bd
HBV + HCV	8 (1.7)	60.8 ± 12.8a	2 (25.0)
HBV + alcohol	9 (1.9)	62.9 ± 9.3a	2 (22.2)
HCV + alcohol	81 (17.4)	67.7 ± 9.3a	27 (33.3)
HBV + HCV + alcohol	2 (0.4)	68.4 ± 10.3	0
Cryptogenic	27 (5.8)	68.6 ± 9.3	19 (70.3)cd

^aP < 0.001, HCV vs HBV + HCV; HCV vs HBV; HCV vs HBV + alcohol; HCV vs HCV + alcohol; HCV vs alcohol;

^bP = 0.048: HCV vs alcohol;

^cP < 0.001, cryptogenic vs HCV;

^dP < 0.002, cryptogenic vs alcohol.

Table 3 Antidiabetic therapy in HCC, cirrhotic patients and in Controls with type 2 diabetes mellitus n (%)

	Metformin	Sulfonylureas	Insulin
Total
HCC	14 (15.9)a	74 (84.1)d	57 (39.6)g
Controls	15 (31.2)b	33 (68.8)e	14 (20.9)h
LC	58 (70.7)c	24 (29.3)f	62 (43.0)i

^a,dvs^b,eP = 0.04; ^a,dvs^c,fP < 0.001; ^b,evs^c,fP < 0.001;

^gvs

^hP < 0.025;

ⁱvs^hP = 0.007.