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©2009 The WJG Press and Baishideng.
World J Gastroenterol. May 7, 2009; 15(17): 2049-2066
Published online May 7, 2009. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.2049
Published online May 7, 2009. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.2049
Table 1 The reported incidence of ICP in different countries and ethnic groups
Country | Prevalence (%) | Year of study | Diagnostic criteria | References |
Australia | 0.2 | 1964-1966 | P, J, LFT, PR1 | [5] |
Australia | 1.5 | 1968-1970 | P, J, LFT, R | [8] |
Australia | 0.2 | 1975-1984 | P, J, LFT, PR; SBA (from 1982) | [3] |
Bolivia | 9.2 | 1976 | P, J, B, LD | [7] |
Aimaras | 13.8 | |||
Quechas | 4.3 | |||
Caucasians | 7.8 | |||
Mixed Indian | 7.3 | |||
Canada | 0.07 | 1963-1976 | J, P, LFT, LD, R | [4] |
Chile | 1974-1975 | P, J, B, LD | [6] | |
Aimaras | 11.8 | |||
Araucanian | 27.6 | |||
Caucasian | 15.1 | |||
Chile | 4.7 | NA | P, SBA (10 &mgr;mol/L), B, LFT | [10] |
Chile | 6.5 | 1988-1990 | P, LD2 | [18] |
China | 0.32 | 1981-1983 | J, LFT, B, SBA, LD, R3 | [12] |
Chongqing | ||||
China | 0.05 | 2003-2005 | LFT, SBA (11 &mgr;mol/L), B, LD | [14] |
Hong Kong | ||||
Finland | 1.1 | 1971-1972 | P, LFT | [13] |
Finland | 0.54 | 1990-1996 | P, LFT, SBA (8 &mgr;mol/L), LD | [11] |
Finland | 0.54 | 1994-1998 | P, LFT, SBA (8 &mgr;mol/L), LD | [9] |
France | 0.2 | 1953-1961 | P, J, LFT, PR, R | [16] |
France | 0.53 | 1988-1989 | LFT, B, SBA (6 &mgr;mol/L) | [19] |
India | 0.08 | 2002-2004 | P, LD, LFT | [17] |
Italy | 0.96 | 1996-1999 | P, LFT, SBA4 | [15] |
Italy | 1 | 1989-1997 | P, PR, LFT ± SBA | [20] |
Poland | 1.5 | NA | P, LFT, B, LD | [21] |
Portugal | 1 | NA | P, SBA, LFT, B, LD5 | [24] |
Sweden | 1.5 | 1971-1974 | P, LFT, LD | [23] |
1 | 1980-1982 | |||
Sweden | 1.5 | 1999-2002 | P, SBA (10 &mgr;mol/L), LFT, LD | [25] |
USA | 0.32 | 1997-1999 | P, SBA or LFT, PR6 | [26] |
USA | 5.6 | 1997-1998 | P, SBA (20 &mgr;mol/L) | [27] |
Latina | ||||
UK | 0.7 | 1995-1997 | P, SBA (14 &mgr;mol/L), LFT, LD | [22] |
Caucasian | 0.62 | |||
Indian | 1.24 | |||
Pakistani | 1.46 |
Table 2 The incidences of adverse fetal outcomes reported in the literature
Study period | Number of cases (controls) | Preterm delivery (< 37 wk) | Abnormal CTG (timing) | Apgar score ≤7 (min) | Meconium staining of amniotic fluid | PPH (> 500 mL) | References |
1951-1983 | 100 (156) | 38% | - | - | - | 7% | [12] |
38% U | |||||||
1963-1976 | 42 (42) | 39% | - | - | - | 19% | [4] |
39% S | |||||||
1965-1974 | 56 | 36% | 14% (NS) | - | 27% | 9% | [38] |
36% S | 8 B | NS | |||||
1971-1972 | 116 (116) | - | 19% (labour) | 7% (1) | 28% | - | [13] |
3% LD | 3% (5) | 7% < 37 wk | |||||
16% B or T | 21% > 37 wk | ||||||
1971-1974 | 100 (100) | - | - | 10% (1) | 12% | - | [23] |
8% (5) | NS | ||||||
1975-1984 | 83 | 44% | - | - | 45% | - | [46] |
44% S | 10% < 37 wk | ||||||
35% > 37 wk | |||||||
1979-1981 | 18 | - | - | - | 58.30% | 22% | [39] |
NS | |||||||
1980–1981 | 117 | - | 14% (antepartum) | 10% (NS) | 16.20% | - | [48] |
4% (labour) | NS | ||||||
1988-1990 | 320 (320) | 19% | 12.8% (NS) | 8% (1) | 38% | - | [18] |
12% S | 2% (5) | 13% < 37 wk | |||||
7% I | 25% > 37 wk | ||||||
1988-1995 | 79 (792) | 14% | 2% (NS) | None | 44% | - | [57] |
14% S | 2% B | NS | |||||
1989-1995 | 50 | 60% | - | - | - | 2% | [56] |
60% U | |||||||
1989-1997 | 206 | 27% | - | 1% (5) | 21% | - | [20] |
4% S | 5% < 37 wk | ||||||
23% I | 16% > 37 wk | ||||||
1990-1996 | 91 (16, 818) | 14% | 20% (labour) | 8% (1) | 15% | - | [11] |
14% U | 2% (5) | NS | |||||
1999-2001 | 70 | 17% | - | - | 14% | 17% | [30] |
6% S | 4% < 37 wk | ||||||
11% I | 10% > 37 wk | ||||||
1999-2002 | 690 (44, 792) | 12% | 7%3 | 7%3 | 25% | - | [25] |
12% U | |||||||
1999-20031 | 352 | 38% | - | - | - | - | [31] |
16% S | |||||||
22% I | |||||||
2000-2007 | 122 | 4% | - | 8% (1) | 13% | 7% | [49] |
4% S | 2% (5) | ||||||
2003-2005 | 8 | 50% | - | - | 62% | - | [14] |
50% U | NS |
Table 3 Additional biochemical markers that have been investigated in relation to ICP
Number of cases (controls) | Gestation | Parameter investigated | Main findings | References |
76 | NR | Serum human placental lactogen and AFP | ↑ hPL, no difference in AFP | [88] |
68 | 37-38/40 | Pregnancy specific β-1-glycoprotein | ↓ Levels | [89] |
76 (150) | T3 | Prolactin | ↑ Prolactin from 33 wk | [94] |
10 (288) | T3 | Placental protein 10 | ↓ Placental protein 10 in ICP-negatively correlated with AST and SBA | [98] |
NR | T3 + PN | Serum copper and zinc | ↑ Copper in ICP | [91] |
No difference in zinc | ||||
NR | T3 | Serum 25(OH)D, 24, 25(OH)D, 1, 25(OH)D, total protein, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and alkaline phosphatase | 25(OH)D initially higher in patients than controls, but decreased by delivery | [92] |
No change in any other parameter | ||||
12 (12) | T3 | Serum selenium and glutathione peroxidase | ↓ Selenium in ICP | [90] |
↓ Glutathione peroxidase activity | ||||
33 (5680) | T2 | Serum AFP and hCG | No differences | [87] |
26 (13) | NR | Thyroid hormones | ↓ T3 | [93] |
21 (98) | T3 | Serum selenium, zinc and copper | ↓ Selenium in ICP | [96] |
↑ (Double) copper in ICP | ||||
No difference in zinc | ||||
72 (30) | T3 | Renal function tests: uric acid, urea, potassium, sodium, creatinine | ↑ Uric acid and creatinine | [97] |
22 (21) | NR | Maternal-fetal mixed lymphocyte reaction | ↓ Transformation rate of lymphocytes | [86] |
24 (1148) | T3 | Serum AFP and β-hCG | No differences | [95] |
30 (30) | T3 | Serum neopterin and soluble interleukin 2 receptor (sIL-2R) | ↑ Neopterin and sIL-2R | [99] |
58 (42) | T3 | Alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (α-HBDH) activity | ↑α-HBDH | [100] |
- Citation: Geenes V, Williamson C. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15(17): 2049-2066
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v15/i17/2049.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.2049