Gender and metabolic differences of gallstone diseases

Table 1 OR of individual risk factors and their association with gallstone disease

Risk factors	n	Gallstone (%)	OR	95% CI
Sex
Men	181/1825	9.9	1.00	-
Women	203/1748	11.6	1.19	0.97-1.48
Age (yr)
18-39	89/1622	5.5	1.00	-
40-64	226/1695	13.3	2.65	2.05-3.42
≥ 65	69/256	27.0	6.36	4.48-9.01
BMI
< 25.0 kg/m2	281/2841	9.9	1.00	-
≥ 25.0 kg/m2	103/732	14.1	1.49	1.17-1.90
Hypertension
No	269/2933	9.2	1.00	-
Yes	115/640	18.0	2.17	1.71-2.75
FPG
< 1100 mg/L	341/3417	10.0	1.00	-
≥ 1100 mg/L and < 1260 mg/L	14/60	23.3	2.75	1.49-5.05
≥ 1260 mg/L	29/96	30.2	3.90	2.49-6.12
Triglyceride
< 1500 mg/L	206/2445	8.4	1.00	-
≥ 1500 mg/L	178/1128	15.8	2.04	1.64-2.52
HDL
< 350 mg/L (men); < 390 mg/L (women)	26/133	19.5	1.00	-
≥ 350 mg/L (men); ≥ 390 mg/L (women)	358/3440	10.4	0.48	0.31-0.74
Total cholesterol
< 2200 mg/L	343/3323	10.3	1.00	-
≥ 2200 mg/L	41/250	16.4	1.70	1.20-2.43
LDL
< 1550 mg/L	360/3429	10.5	1.00	-
≥ 1550 mg/L	24/144	16.7	1.71	1.09-2.68

Table 2 Multivariate logistic regression analysis for gallstone disease

Variables	OR	95% CI	P
Female sex	1.70	1.35-2.15	< 0.001
Age (yr)
40 to 64	2.44	1.88-3.17	< 0.001
≥ 65	5.83	4.02-8.44	< 0.001
FBG ≥ 1260 mg/L	2.12	1.31-3.43	0.002
Triglycerides ≥ 1500 mg/L	1.67	1.31-2.13	< 0.001

The dependent variable was the presence or absence of gallstone disease. The covariates included sex, age of 40-64 and ≥ 65 years, BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m², high blood pressure (SBP ≥ 40 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg or a history of hypertension), an FPG level between 1100 and 1260 mg/L and ≥ 1260 mg/L, a triglyceride level ≥ 1500 mg/L, an HDL level ≥ 350 mg/L in men or ≥ 390 mg/L in women, a total cholesterol level ≥ 2200 mg/L, and an LDL level ≥ 1550 mg/L.

Table 3 Prevalence of metabolic disorders in the subjects with and without gallstone disease n (%)

Metabolic disorders	Gallstone disease	No gallstone disease	χ2	P
Obesity	103/384 (26.8)	629/3189 (19.7)	10.603	0.001
Hypertension	115/384 (29.9)	525/3189 (16.5)	42.387	< 0.001
Diabetes mellitus	29/384 (7.6)	67/3189 (2.1)	40.550	< 0.001
Hypertriglyceridemia	178/384 (46.4)	950/3189 (29.8)	43.529	< 0.001
Low HDL-C	26/384 (6.8)	107/3189 (3.4)	11.157	0.001
Hypercholesterolemia	41/384 (10.7)	209/3189 (6.6)	8.954	0.003

Table 4 Univariate analysis of metabolic risk factors for gallstone disease in gender

Risk factors	Men				Women
	n	Gallstone disease (%)	OR	95% CI	n	Gallstone disease (%)	OR	95% CI
BMI
< 25 kg/m2	113/1235	9.1	1.00	-	168/1606	10.5	1.00	-
≥ 25 kg/m2	68/590	11.5	1.29	0.94-1.78	35/142	24.6	2.80	1.85-4.24
Hypertension
No	120/1391	8.6	1.00	-	149/1542	9.7	1.00	-
Yes	61/434	14.4	1.73	1.25-2.41	54/206	26.2	3.32	2.33-4.73
FPG
< 1100 mg/L	152/1710	8.9	1.00	-	189/1707	11.1	1.00	-
≥ 1100 mg/L and < 1260 mg/L	11/47	23.4	3.13	1.56-6.28	3/13	23.1	2.41	0.66-8.83
≥ 1260 mg/L	18/68	26.5	3.69	2.10-6.49	11/28	39.3	5.20	2.40-11.26
Triglyceride
< 1500 mg/L	79/1012	7.8	1.00	-	127/1433	8.9	1.00	-
≥ 1500 mg/L	102/813	12.5	1.69	1.24-2.31	76/315	24.1	3.27	2.38-4.49
HDL
< 350 mg/L (men); < 390 mg/L (women)	167/1738	9.6	1.00	-	191/1702	11.2	1.00	-
≥ 350 mg/L (men); ≥ 390 mg/L (women)	14/87	16.1	1.80	0.99-3.27	12/46	26.1	2.79	1.42-5.48
Total cholesterol
< 2200 mg/L	163/1682	9.7	1.00	-	180/1641	11.0	1.00	-
≥ 2200 mg/L	18/143	12.6	1.34	0.80-2.26	23/107	21.5	2.22	1.37-3.62

Table 5 Multivariate logistic regression analysis for gallstone disease in gender

Variables	Men		Women
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2	-		1.59	1.01-2.50 (P = 0.046)
FBG ≥ 1260 mg/L	2.30	1.28-4.12 (P = 0.005)	-
Triglyceride ≥ 1500 mg/L	1.37	0.99-1.90 (P = 0.057)	2.17	1.54-3.07 (P < 0.001)

The dependent variable was the presence or absence of gallstone disease. The covariates included a BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m², high blood pressure (SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg or a history of hypertension), an FPG level between 1100 and 1260 mg/L and ≥ 1260 mg/L, a triglyceride level ≥ 1500 mg/L, a low HDL level (men: ≥ 350 mg/L; women: ≥ 390 mg/L), and a total cholesterol level ≥ 2200 mg/L.