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©2009 The WJG Press and Baishideng.
World J Gastroenterol. Jan 7, 2009; 15(1): 86-94
Published online Jan 7, 2009. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.86
Published online Jan 7, 2009. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.86
Table 1 Distribution of patients according to rivers nearest to the birthplace or place of current residence n (%)
Rivers | Number of patients |
Nakdong | 947 (31.5) |
South Han | 774 (25.7) |
North Han | 270 (9.0) |
Geum | 303 (10.1) |
Yeongsan | 137 (4.6) |
Seomjin | 97 (3.2) |
Mangyong-Dongjin | 266 (8.8) |
Hyeongsan | 145 (4.8) |
Bulyeong-Wangpi | 6 (0.2) |
Namdae-Yongok-Osip | 64 (2.1) |
Not answered | 71 |
Total | 3080 |
Table 2 Frequency and time of raw freshwater fish or snail ingestion among the patients with positive history n (%)
Characteristics | Number of patients |
History of ingestion | |
Present | 1140 (37.3) |
Frequency | |
Once | 156 (13.9) |
2-4 times | 318 (28.3) |
≥ 5 times | 648 (57.8) |
Unknown or not answered | 18 |
Time of first ingestion | |
0-10 yr ago | 278 (25.5) |
11-20 yr ago | 107 (19.0) |
21-30 yr ago | 179 (16.4) |
≥ 30 yr ago | 427 (39.1) |
Unknown or not answered | 49 |
None | 1915 (62.7) |
Not answered | 25 |
Total | 3080 |
Table 3 Distribution and infection rate of the patients with positive history of raw freshwater fish or snail ingestion according to river basins nearest to place of residence
River basins | Patients, n (%) | Infected patients (n) | Infection rate (%) |
Nakdong | 394 (35.2) | 132 | 33.5 |
South Han | 156 (13.9) | 12 | 7.7 |
North Han | 207 (18.5) | 15 | 7.2 |
Geum | 84 (7.5) | 7 | 8.3 |
Yeongsan | 47 (4.2) | 19 | 40.4 |
Seomjin | 65 (5.8) | 14 | 21.5 |
Mangyong-Dongjin | 78 (7.0) | 10 | 1.8 |
Hyeongsan | 54 (4.8) | 24 | 44.4 |
Bulyeong-Wangpi | 3 (0.3) | 0 | 0 |
Namdae-Yongok-Osip | 32 (2.9) | 4 | 12.5 |
Not answered | 20 | 3 | |
Total | 1140 | 238 | 20.9 |
Table 4 Answers to questionnaires regarding knowledge on route of C. sinensis infection
Questions | patients with “Yes”n (%) | Patients with “No”n (%) | Number of notanswered (n) |
Did you (the patient him/herself) know that clonorchiasis can be acquired by ingesting raw freshwater fish? | 2464 (80.8) | 585 (19.2) | 31 |
Did you know that clonorchiasis can also be acquired by eating freshwater shellfish? | 1626 (53.3) | 1423 (46.7) | 31 |
Did you know that clonorchiasis can be transmitted via kitchen knifes and/or towels? | 1441 (47.3) | 1608 (52.7) | 31 |
Did you know clonorchiasis can be transmitted by unwashed hands of raw freshwater fish handlers? | 1192 (39.1) | 1855 (60.9) | 33 |
Did you know that clonorchiasis can be prevented by eating fully cooked freshwater fish? | 2371 (77.8) | 676 (22.2) | 33 |
Table 5 Sensitivities of various diagnostic modalities for detection of clonorchiasis
Diagnostic modalities | Infected persons, who were tested (n) | Positive results (n) | Sensitivity (%) |
Fecal exam for eggs | 321 | 55 | 17.1 |
ELISA for circulating antibody | 362 | 157 | 43.40 |
Intradermal test | 302 | 225 | 74.50 |
Examination of collected bile | 134 | 14 | 10.40 |
Radiologic findings | 295 | 34 | 11.50 |
Table 6 Distribution of patients with clonorchiasis according to age group n (%)
Age group (yr) | Number of patients (n) | Number of patients with clonorchiasis |
0-19 | 26 | 0 (0) |
20-29 | 107 | 7 (6.5) |
30-39 | 222 | 25 (11.3) |
40-49 | 463 | 79 (17.1) |
50-59 | 695 | 99 (14.2) |
60-69 | 831 | 113 (13.6) |
70-79 | 575 | 61 (10.6) |
≥ 80 | 161 | 12 (7.5) |
Total | 3080 | 396 |
Table 7 Presence of clonorchiasis according to history of raw freshwater fish ingestion n (%)
Number of patients with clonorchiasis | |
Total number of patients (n = 3080) | 396 (12.9) |
Patients with positive history of raw freshwater fish ingestion (n = 1140) | 238 (20.9) |
Patients without raw freshwater fish ingestion (n = 1940) | 158 (8.1) |
Table 8 Comparison of laboratory findings between patients with clonorchiasis and without clonorchiasis
Laboratory findings | With clonorchiasis (n = 396) | Without clonorchiasis (n = 2684) | P | ||
Number of patients | mean ± SD | Number of patients | mean ± SD | ||
Eosinophilia1 | 65 | NA | 250 | NA | 0 |
AST (U/L) | 393 | 104.5 ± 269.56 | 2671 | 110.7 ± 263.59 | 0.665 |
ALT (U/L) | 393 | 113.5 ± 254.01 | 2669 | 107.7 ± 258.17 | 0.68 |
Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 382 | 304.8 ± 418.35 | 2611 | 234.4 ± 350.81 | 0.002 |
γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (U/L) | 362 | 200.0 ± 261.19 | 2233 | 187.0 ± 440.01 | 0.585 |
Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 392 | 3.07 ± 17.246 | 2668 | 3.28 ± 5.401 | 0.81 |
Table 9 Association between hepatobiliary diseases and presence of clonorchiasis n (%)
Hepatobiliary diseases | Patients with clonorchiasis (n = 396) | Patients without clonorchiasis (n = 2684) | P |
Cholangitis | 32 (8.0) | 242 (9.0) | NS |
Bile duct stones | 92 (23.2) | 716 (26.7) | NS |
Gallstone | 45 (11.4) | 340 (12.7) | NS |
Intrahepatic bile duct stones | 13 (3.3) | 107 (4.0) | NS |
Extrahepatic bile duct stones | 34 (8.6) | 269 (10.0) | NS |
Hepatitis | 100 (25.3) | 650 (24.2) | NS |
Hepatitis B virus | 58 (14.6) | 336 (12.5) | NS |
Hepatitis C virus | 5 (1.3) | 66 (2.5) | NS |
Alcoholic | 25 (6.3) | 159 (5.9) | NS |
Toxic | 5 (1.3) | 40 (1.5) | NS |
Autoimmune | 1 (0.3) | 5 (0.2) | NS |
Other causes | 6 (1.5) | 44 (1.6) | NS |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | 51 (12.9) | 391 (14.6) | NS |
Cholangiocarcinoma | 34 (8.6) | 145 (5.4) | 0.015 |
Gallbladder cancer | 9 (2.3) | 75 (2.8) | NS |
Biliary pancreatitis | 6 (1.5) | 71 (2.6) | NS |
Table 10 Association between prevalence of clonorchiasis and cholangiocarcinoma according to regions of the rivers (n = 560)
Rivers in southern region1 | Rivers in middle region2 | |||||
With cholangiocarcinoma | Without cholangiocarcinoma | χ2(P) | With cholangiocarcinoma | Without cholangiocarcinoma | χ2(P) | |
With clonorchiasis,n(%) | 5 (10.4) | 43 (89.6) | 7.902 (0.005) | 19 (10.1) | 170 (89.9) | 4.2 (0.04) |
Without clonorchiasis,n(%) | 14 (2.7) | 498 (97.3) | 20 (5.4) | 351 (94.6) | ||
Odd ratio | 4.136 (95% CI 1.422-12.030) | 1.961 (95% CI 1.020-3.773) | ||||
Common odds ratio3 | 2.289 (95% CI 1.297-4.038) |
- Citation: Kim HG, Han J, Kim MH, Cho KH, Shin IH, Kim GH, Kim JS, Kim JB, Kim TN, Kim TH, Kim TH, Kim JW, Ryu JK, Moon YS, Moon JH, Park SJ, Park CG, Bang SJ, Yang CH, Yoo KS, Yoo BM, Lee KT, Lee DK, Lee BS, Lee SS, Lee SO, Lee WJ, Cho CM, Joo YE, Cheon GJ, Choi YW, Chung JB, Yoon YB. Prevalence of clonorchiasis in patients with gastrointestinal disease: A Korean nationwide multicenter survey. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15(1): 86-94
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v15/i1/86.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.86