Endoscopic findings in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding clinically classified into three risk groups prior to endoscopy

Table 1 Numerical values for each parameter of the clinical index adopted in the study

Clinical parameter	Score
	1	2	3
General conditions	Poor	Intermediate	Good
Pulse (beats/min)	> 110	90-110	< 90
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	< 90	90-110	> 110
Haemoglobin levels (g/dL)	≤ 8	9-10	> 10

The T-score is the sum of the corresponding values for the 4 parameters. In detail, a sum ≤ 6 corresponds to T1 (high-risk), 7-9 to T2 (intermediate-risk), and a cumulative value ≥ 10 to T3 (low-risk).

Table 2 Endoscopic findings and SRH detected in the study population

	Number of patients (%)
Endoscopic finding	436 cases
Duodenal ulcer	144 (33)
Gastric ulcer	74 (17)
Gastro-oesophageal varices	52 (12)
Erosive esophagitis	44 (10)
Malignancy	35 (8)
Erosive gastritis/duodenitis	80 (18)
Mallory-Weiss syndrome	7 (2)
SRH	118 cases
Active bleeding	37 (31)
Nonbleeding visible vessel	16 (14)
Adherent clot	40 (34)
Gastro-oesophageal varices with active or recent signs of bleeding	25 (21)

Table 3 Demographical and clinical characteristics of the UGIB patients according to T-score classes

Variable	T1	T2	T3	P
	(n = 126)	(n = 135)	(n = 175)
Mean age ± SD (yr)	69 ± 13	63 ± 16	64 ± 12	< 0.011
Male sex (%)	66	62	60	NS
Comorbidities (%)	49	20	31	< 0.011
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	85 ± 15	106 ± 22	139 ± 37	< 0.012
Hemoglobin level (g/dL)	7.2 ± 1.3	9.7 ± 2.3	13.8 ± 3	< 0.012

¹T1 vs T2 or T3;

²T1 vs T2 or T3 and T2 vs T3.