Metabolomic changes in fatty liver can be modified by dietary protein and calcium during energy restriction

Table 1 Fat pad weights (g)

	Lean	Obese	ER		ANOVA P value
			Control	Whey + Ca
Subcutaneous fat	0.4 ± 0.1c	1.6 ± 0.1	1.4 ± 0.1de	1.0 ± 0.1cd	< 0.0001
Epididymal fat	1.4 ± 0.1a	1.9 ± 0.1	1.8 ± 0.1f	1.3 ± 0.05b	0.0006
Perirenal fat	0.7 ± 0.1c	1.3 ± 0.1	1.4 ± 0.1df	0.9 ± 0.1b	< 0.0001

Data is presented as mean ± SE (n = 10/group).

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01,

^cP < 0.001, vs obese, respectively;

^dP < 0.001 vs lean;

^eP < 0.05,

^fP < 0.01 vs whey + Ca, respectively.

Table 2 Incidences of the observed histopathological lesions in liver samples

	Lean	Obese	ER
			Control	Whey + Ca
Number of samples	8	10	10	10
No abnormalities detected	8	0	0	0
Macrovesicular fatty change (total)	0	10	10	10
Severe	0	1	0	0
Marked	0	1	0	0
Moderate	0	5	5	4
Slight	0	3	5	5
Minimal	0	0	0	1
Infiltration of inflammatory cells, minimal	0	1	1	3
Focal hepatocyte necrosis, total	0	2	0	2
Slight	0	1	0	0
Minimal	0	1	0	2

Table 3 Concentrations of primary metabolites in liver samples (&mgr;mol/g tissue)

	Lean	Obese	ER		ANOVA P value
			Control	Whey + Ca
Glucose-6-phosphate	28.6 ± 2.7a	19.2 ± 3.5	22.7 ± 1.7h	11.2 ± 3.2f	< 0.0001
Fructose-6-phosphate	7.0 ± 0.7	4.9 ± 0.6	6.9 ± 0.7h	3.2 ± 0.9e	0.001
Mannose-6-phosphate	1.7 ± 0.2	1.7 ± 0.2	1.4 ± 0.1g	0.8 ± 0.2cf	0.0003
Fructose bisphosphate	3.2 ± 0.6	8.7 ± 2.0	9.5 ± 2.4dh	0.5 ± 0.1b	0.0005
Glycerate-3-phosphate	26.2 ± 3.7	21.0 ± 0.8	17.4 ± 1.2d	13.1 ± 1.4f	0.0008
Ribose-5-phosphate	0.3 ± 0.02a	0.7 ± 0.1	0.7 ± 0.1di	1.3 ± 0.1cf	< 0.0001
Succinate	24.5 ± 3.3c	5.3 ± 1.1	6.7 ± 2.4fi	24.0 ± 4.0c	< 0.0001
Malate	42.0 ± 5.2a	54.5 ± 3.7	61.3 ± 4.7dg	40.5 ± 5.1a	0.008
Citrate	4.9 ± 0.7c	2.0 ± 0.3	1.6 ± 0.2f	1.8 ± 0.3f	< 0.0001
Pyruvate	5.6 ± 0.8c	0.9 ± 0.2	2.6 ± 0.4e	1.5 ± 0.3f	< 0.0001
Phosphoenolpyruvate	2.8 ± 0.8	2.3 ± 0.3	1.4 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.2	0.0426
6-phosphogluconate	3.5 ± 0.2a	2.4 ± 0.2	3.7 ± 0.2eg	2.6 ± 0.4a	0.0023
Fumarate	9.6 ± 1.0a	10.4 ± 1.1	17.8 ± 1.7bfg	11.9 ± 1.3a	0.0003

Data is presented as mean ± SE (n = 10/group).

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01,

^cP < 0.001 vs obese, respectively;

^dP < 0.05,

^eP < 0.01,

^fP < 0.001 vs lean, respectively;

^gP < 0.05,

^hP < 0.01,

ⁱP < 0.001 vs whey + Ca, respectively.