Risk factors for alcohol-related liver injury in the island population of China: A population-based case-control study

Table 1 Relationship between variables and alcohol-related liver injury detected by using univariate logistic-regression

Variable	β	S.E.	Waldχ2	P	OR	95% CI
Male gender	1.152	0.228	25.448	0.000	3.163	2.022-4.948
Age	-0.008	0.007	1.162	0.281	0.992	0.978-1.006
Education level	0.061	0.127	0.229	0.632	1.063	0.829-1.362
Unmarried state	-0.144	0.408	0.125	0.724	0.866	0.389-1.926
Smoking	0.810	0.190	18.184	0.000	2.248	1.549-3.262
Daily alcohol intake ≥ 20 g	1.460	0.201	52.562	0.000	4.307	2.902-6.392
Duration of drinking ≥ 5 years	1.729	0.237	53.324	0.000	5.633	3.542-8.958
Total alcohol intake ≥ 36.5 kg	1.506	0.208	52.582	0.000	4.507	3.000-6.711
Hypertension	0.473	0.209	5.128	0.024	1.605	1.066-2.418
Obesity	0.671	0.188	12.673	0.000	1.956	1.352-2.829

Table 2 Multivariate logistic-regression analysis of alcohol-related liver injury and selected variables

Variable	β	S.E.	Waldχ2	P	OR	95% CI
Daily alcohol intake ≥ 20 g	0.676	0.286	5.584	0.018	1.965	1.122-3.442
Duration of drinking ≥ 5 years	1.227	0.329	13.884	0.000	3.412	1.789-6.507
Obesity	0.635	0.206	9.518	0.002	1.887	1.261-2.824

Table 3 Prevalence rate of alcohol-related liver injury (%)

Variable	Total ALI		ALI in obese		ALI in non-obese
Daily alcohol intake(g)
< 20	45/373	(12.06)	22/157	(14.01)	23/216	(10.65)
≥ 20	104/280	(37.14)	60/119	(50.42)	44/161	(27.33)
Duration of drinking (yr)
<5	25/293	(8.53)	12/118	(10.17)	13/175	(7.43)
≥ 5	124/360	(34.44)	70/158	(44.30)	54/202	(26.73)

ALI: Alcohol-related liver injury.

Table 4 Relationship between different daily alcohol intake and BMI

Group	ALI	Normal	χ2	P	OR	95%CI
X0	23	193	-	-	-	-
X1	44	117	17.564	0.000	3.156	1.813-5.492
X2	22	135	0.970	0.325	1.367	0.732-2.553
X3	60	59	65.121	0.000	8.534	4.864-14.972
Y0	13	162	-	-	-	-
Y1	54	148	23.911	0.000	4.547	2.385-8.668
Y2	12	106	0.678	0.410	1.411	0.620-3.209
Y3	70	88	60.338	0.000	9.913	5.194-18.918

X₀: Daily alcohol intake < 20 g and BMI < 25 kg/m²; X₁: Daily alcohol intake ≥ 20 g and BMI < 25 kg/m² group; X₂: Daily alcohol intake < 20 g and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²; X₃: Daily alcohol intake ≥ 20 g and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m². Y₀: Drinking time < 5 years and BMI < 25 kg/m²; Y₁: Drinking time ≥ 5 years and BMI < 25 kg/m²; Y₂: Drinking time < 5 years and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²; Y₃: Drinking time ≥ 5 years and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m².

Table 5 Dose-response to daily alcohol intake, drinking time and alcohol-related liver injury

Characteristics	Total	ALI	χ2	P	OR (95%CI)	PR (%)	PR
Daily alcohol intake (g)
< 20	373	45	-	-	-	12.06	1.00
20-40	76	25	20.817	0.000	3.573 (2.019-6.324)	32.89	2.73
40-80	73	27	28.011	0.000	4.278 (2.424-7.552)	36.99	3.07
80-160	65	24	25.774	0.000	4.267 (2.360-7.715)	36.92	3.06
≥ 160	66	28	37.283	0.000	5.371 (3.010-9.584)	42.42	3.52
Duration of drinking (yr)
< 5	293	25	-	-	-	8.53	1.00
5-10	22	4	2.279	0.131	2.382 (0.748-7.587)	18.18	2.13
10-20	58	22	36.082	0.000	6.551 (3.351-12.806)	37.93	4.45
20-40	206	76	60.265	0.000	6.267 (3.808-10.313)	36.89	4.32
≥ 40	74	22	23.773	0.000	4.535 (2.379-8.647)	29.73	3.49

ALI: Alcohol-related liver injury; PR (%): Prevalence rate; PR: Prevalence ratio.

Table 6 Different types of alcoholic beverage and alcohol-related liver injury

Type of beverage	Total	ALI (n, %)	Daily intake (g)	χ2	P
Beer	126	38 (30.16)	40.26 ± 31.35	-	-
Yellow rice wine	36	14 (38.89)	78.15 ± 57.88	0.979	0.322
Hard liquor	41	16 (39.02)	107.09 ± 84.38	1.111	0.292
Multiple	110	44 (40.00)	167.26 ± 109.60	2.509	0.113
Total	313	112 (35.78)

ALI: Alcohol-related liver injury.