Epidemiology and transmission of hepatitis B and C viruses in Kazakhstan

Table 1 Concentration of anti-HBs in four HBsAg and anti-HBc positive subjects

I.D.	mIU/mL
11	16.1
180	3.4
249	4.0
143	5.7

Table 2 Effect of selected risk factors on the incidence rate of anti-HBc in a study population from Kazakhstan (n = 86)

Risk factor	UnadjustedOR	P	95% CI	Adjusted1OR	P	95% CI
Blood transfusion	2.11	0.19	0.67-6.48	1.26	0.72	0.36-4.40
Blood donor	1.77	0.03	1.05-2.98	1.38	0.48	0.56-3.42
Tattoo	1.67	0.19	0.77-3.65	1.26	0.62	0.51-3.12
Ear piercing	1.43	0.16	0.87-2.39	1.20	0.57	0.64-2.24
Dental surgery	1.93	0.02	1.10-3.31	1.29	0.29	0.80-2.08

¹Adjusted OR for socioeconomic status, ethnicity and gender.

Table 3 Effect of selected risk factors on the incidence rate of anti-HCV in a study population from Kazakhstan (n = 9)

Risk factor	UnadjustedOR	P	95% CI	Adjusted1OR	P	95% CI
Blood transfusion	2.48	0.41	0.29-21.20	1.42	0.76	0.15-13.38
Tattoo	4.02	0.05	0.90-16.44	14.40	0.01	1.76-118.32
Ear piercing	2.58	0.18	0.65-10.18	3.05	0.29	0.38-24.4
Dental surgery	1.65	0.48	0.42-6.52	1.46	0.64	0.29-7.26
Towel sharing	3.25	0.09	0.82-12.83	3.87	0.07	0.91-16.4

¹Adjusted OR for socioeconomic status, ethnicity and gender.