Insights from advances in research of chemically induced experimental models of human inflammatory bowel disease

Table 1 Pathogenesis of IBD models in DSS colitis

Pathogenic factors
Categories	Factors (References)
Chemokines/cytokines	Migration inhibitory factor[114], LIX[115], L-18[33], CCR5[116], IL-1[117]
Adhesion molecules	CD98[118], β2 integrins (CD18/11a)[83], Integrin α1β1[81], VCAM-1[119]
Transcriptional factors	STAT3[74]
Toll like receptors and ligands	CpG motifs[92], Flagellin/TLR5[90]
Enzymes	Chitinase 3-like-1[102], Carbonic anhydrase IV[100], Eosinophil peroxidase[120], Caspase-1[105]
Hormones	Adiponectin[112], Resistin-like molecule β[121], Leptin[113], Osteopontin[122], Activins[123]
Others	Galanin-1 receptor[124]
Regulatory factors
Categories	Factors (References)
T cells	γδT cells[23,24]
Cytokines/chemokines	BFGF[51], FGF2[125], TGF-α[46], TFF2[53], ITF[54], HGF[47,49]
Transcription factors	SOCS3[74], Nrf2[126], PPARγ[76,77], PPARδ[76]
Adhesion molecules	B2 integrins (CD11β)[83]
Receptors	TLR4[87], PG receptor EP-4[95], Pregnane X Receptor[127]
Enzymes	COX-2[94,96], COX-1[94], Matrix metalloproteinase-2[128]
Hormones	Estrogen[129], Growth hormone[130], Adiponectin[110]
Neuronal factors	Vagus nerve[131], IRE1β[132], Neurotensin[133]
Lipid-associated molecules	Lipoxin A4[134], Apolipoprotein A-IV[135]
Others	Dietary glycine[136], Follistatin[123], Bacterial superantigens[137], Thioredoxin-1[138]

Table 2 Pathogenesis of IBD models in TNBS colitis

Pathogenic factors
Categories	Factors (References)
T cells	Th1[8], CD8+ TCR Vβ14+ T cell[21], CEACAM1[27]
Cytokines/chemokines	IL-12[8,30], IFN-γ[8,34], IL-18[31,32,139], IL-6[73], IL-16[140], IL-17[38], TNF-α[29,141], MIP-α[142], MIP-3α[143]
Receptors	CD40[57,58], CD44v7[144], FcεRI[145], GITR[63,64], Complement receptor 3[146]
Transcription factors	NF-κB p65[65,67,147], RICK[69,70], MAPK p38[70], Smad7[72], Smad3[148]
Adhesion molecules	Integrinα1β1[80]
Enzymes	Poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase[149,150], Inducible nitric oxide synthase[151], Angiotensinogen[152], Vanin-1[107]
Hormones	Leptin[113], Ghrelin[153], Adiponectin[112]
Others	Geneticfactors[11], Glycolipid[154]
Regulatory factors
Categories	Factors (References)
T cells	TCRγδ[25,26], NK1.1[20,155,156]
Cytokines/chemokines	TGF-β[10,44,45], IL-10[44,157,158], IL12 p40[34], IL12 p40-IgG2b[159], IL-2-IgG2b[160], IL-23[39], HGF[48], BFGF[51]
Receptors	PAR-2[61], TNFR1[56]
Transcription factors	STAT5b[161], Interferon regulatory factor-1[162], PPARγ[75]
Enzymes	Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase[163]
Hormones	Adrenocortical hormones[164,165], NCX-101[166]
Neurotransmitters	Vasoactive intestinal peptide[167,168], μopioid receptor[169]
Lipid mediators	Lipoxin A4[170], Marine[171]
Bacteria and parasite related factors	Yersinia pseudotuberculosis[172], Lactic acid bacteria[173,174], Schistosome eggs[175], Cholera toxin subunit B[176,177]
Others	Galectin-1[178], Curcumin[179], Catalposide[180], Follistatin[123], Phex gene[181], FTY720[182], Matrine[183]

Table 3 Pathogenesis of IBD models in oxazolone colitis

Pathogenic factors
Categories	Factors (References)
T cells	NKT[19], CEACAM1[27], Major basic protein[184], MHC class II transactivator[185]
Cytokines/chemokines	IL-4[13], IL-13[19,40], EBI3[42]
Transcription factors	Smad7[72], NF-κB[67,68]
Others	Glycolipid[154]
Regulatory factors
Categories	Factors (References)
T cells	Regulatory T cells[28]
Cytokines/chemokines	TGF-β[13]
Receptors	PAR-1[60]
Others	Budesonide[186]