Hepatocellular carcinoma prevention: A worldwide emergence between the opulence of developed countries and the economic constraints of developing nations

Table 1 Recommended doses and schedules for HBV vaccine

Vaccine	Patients	Dose(mcg)	Volume(mL)	Schedule(mo)
Engerix-B	< 11 yr	10	0.5	0, 1, 6
(GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC)	11-19 yr	10	0.5	0, 1, 6
	> 20 yr	20	1.0	0, 1, 6
	Dialysis	40	2.0	0, 1, 2, 6
Recombivax HB (Merk & Co. Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ)	< 11 yr	5	0.5	0, 1, 6
	11-19 yr	5	0.5	0, 1, 6
	> 20 yr	10	1.0	0, 1, 6
	Predialysis/ dialysis	40	1.0	0, 1, 6

Table 2 HCC incidence rates according to clinical setting and geographic areas

Clinicalsetting	Geographicarea	Studies(n)	Patients(n)	Meanfollow-up (yr)	HCCincidence	95% CI
Asympto- matic carrier	North America	2	1804	16	0.1	0.07-0.14
	Taiwan and China	4	18869	8	0.7	0.61-0.70
	Japan	1	513	7.3	0.2	0.08-0.39
Inactive carrier	Europe	3	410	16	0.02	0-0.04
	Taiwan	1	189	8	0.2	0-0.42
Chronic hepatitis	Europe	6	471	5.9	0.1	0-0.27
	Taiwan	2	461	4.0	1.0	0.36-1.56
	Japan	2	737	5.1	0.8	0.46-1.06
Compensated cirrhosis	Europe	6	401	5.8	2.2	1.62-2.80
	Taiwan/ Singapore	3	278	4.3	3.2	1.94-4.55
	Japan	2	306	5.8	4.3	3.40-5.25

Adapted from ref. 101 with permission from American Gastroenterological Association.

Table 3 Effect of IFN on HCC incidence among HCV cirrhotic patients

Author, year	n	Follow-up month(range)	HCC rate
			Treated(n/n)	Controls(n/n)
Nishiguchi 1995[150]	90	54 (24-86)	2/45	17/45
Mazzella 1996[7]	284	32 (12-71)	5/193	9/91
Bruno 1997[5]	163	68 (60-84)	6/82	14/81
Fattovich 1997[35]	329	60 (1-153)	7/193	16/136
IIHCSG 1998[151]	491	n.r.	21/232	48/259
Imai 1998[111]	52	48 (3-65)	8/32	7/20
Gramenzi 1998[115]	144	72 (n.r.)	6/72	19/72
Serfaty 1998[116]	103	40 (6-42)	2/59	9/44
Sofia 1998[152]	162	43 (n.r.)	11/103	4/59
Benvegnù 1999[6]	152	72 (n.r.)	4/75	20/77
Mura 1999[153]	57	76 (n.r.)	0/28	5/29
Shioda 1999[154]	646	55 (n.r.)	22/588	18/58
Yoshida 1999[108]	337	52 (n.r.)	33/230	29/107
Valla 1999[117]	99	37 (37-53)	5/47	9/52
Overall	3109		132/1979	224/1130

Adapted from ref. 104 with permission from EASL. Meta-analysis of the three randomised controlled trials and 11 non randomised trials. Risk difference: -12.8; 95% CI: -8.3-17.2; P≤ 0.0001 (chi square test for heterogeneity).