Smoking is not associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Table 1 Comparative characteristics between smokers and nonsmokers

Variable	Smokers(n = 319) (mean ± SD)	Non-smokers(n = 566) (mean ± SD)	P
Age (yr)	46.9 ± 11.19	46.8 ± 12.05	NS
Weight (kg)	75.5 ± 15.99	73.84 ± 14.14	NS
Gender n (%)
Male	205 (64.26)	343 (60.60)	NS
Female	114 (35.74)	223 (38.40)
Height (m)	1.68 ± 0.09	1.66 ± 0.09	NS
BMI (kg/m2)	26.8 ± 4.49	26.6 ± 4.02	NS
Overweight and obesity n (%)
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2	205 (64.26)	369 (65.19)	NS
BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2	54 (16.93)	105 (18.55)	NS
Waist circumference (cm)	84.3 (11.2)	83.4(11.5)	NS
Glucose (mmol/L)	5.42 ± 1.53	5.42 ± 1.52	NS
Type 2 diabetes mellitus n (%)	12 (3.7)	13 (2.3)	NS
High blood pressure (> 17.33/11.33 kPa) n (%)	21 (6.6)	64 (11.3)	< 0.05
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.4 ± 1.14	5.33 ± 0.95	NS
C-LDL (mmol/L)	3.48 ± 0.97	3.46 ± 0.85	NS
C-HDL (mmol/L)	1.0 ± 0.26	1.06 ± 0.28	< 0.005
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	2.18 ± 1.49	1.84 ± 1.10	< 0.001
C-reactive protein (mg/L)	3.5 ± 6.03	3.4 ± 5.10	NS
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/h)	11.3 ± 9.38	13.5 ± 11.90	< 0.001
Albumin (g/L)	4.0 ± 0.28	4.0 ± 0.31	NS
Total bilirubin (mg/L)	0.9 ± 0.39	1.27 ± 8.31	NS
ALT (UI/L)	31.4 ± 20.33	33.3 ± 26.8	NS
AST (UI/L)	26.9 ± 10.25	28.9 ± 16.28	< 0.05
Metabolic syndrome n (%)	133 (41.69)	208 (36.74)	NS
ALT 2 times upper normal limit value n (%)	4 (1.25)	8 (1.41)	NS
Hepatic steatosis n (%)	87 (27.27)	168 (29.68)	NS

Table 2 Comparative characteristics in liver function tests between smokers and nonsmokers (including only subjects with hepatic steatosis)

Variable	Smokers	Non-smokers	P
	(n = 87)(mean ± SD)	(n = 168)(mean ± SD)
Albumin (g/L)	4.07 ± 0.23	4.10 ± (0.37)	NS
Total bilirubin (mg/L)	0.94 ± 0.31	0.93 ± 0.37	NS
ALT (UI/L)	43.7 ± 24.6	49.07 ± 40.7	NS
AST (UI/L)	32.3 ± 13.0	35.2 ± 22.9	NS
Alkaline phosphatase (UI/L)	71.2 ± 18.0	74.7 ± 24.0	NS
Lactate dehydrogenase (UI/L)	154.9 ± 24	160.6 ± 30	NS
ALT 2 times upper normal limit value n (%)	2 (2.4)	8 (4.8)	NS

Table 3 Univariate model for increased risk of hepatic steatosis

Variable	OR ( 95% CI)
Smoking (n = 319)	0.89 (0.65-1.21)
Smoking > 10 pack/yr (n = 152)1	1.30 (0.88-1.92)
Smoking > 10 pack/yr (n = 137)2	1.16 (0.76-1.64)
Smoking > 20 pack/yr (n = 77)1	1.42 (0.84-2.43)
Smoking > 20 pack/yr (n = 64)2	1.54 (0.94-2.52)

¹vs smokers less than 10 packs/yr and nonsmokers;

²vs nonsmokers only.

Table 4 Univariate model for increased risk of ALT twice the upper normal limit value

Variable	OR (95% CI)
Smoking (n = 319)	0.88 (0.26-2.96)
Smoking > 10 pack/yr (n = 152)1	Not calculated3
Smoking > 10 pack/yr (n = 137)2	0.43 (0.05-3.39)
Smoking > 20 pack/yr (n = 77)1	Not calculated3
Smoking > 20 pack/yr (n = 64)2	Not calculated3

¹vs smokers less than 10 packs/yr and non-smokers;

²vs nonsmokers only;

³ Could not be calculated as there were no subjects with an ALT level twice the upper normal limit value in the specified group.