Associations between &gamma;-glutamyl transferase, metabolic abnormalities and inflammation in healthy subjects from a population-based cohort: A possible implication for oxidative stress

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Clinical Research

World J Gastroenterol. Dec 7, 2005; 11(45): 7109-7117
Published online Dec 7, 2005. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i45.7109

Table 1 Clinical and laboratory characteristics of all the patients, according to liver enzyme tertiles (left); associations of the variables listed with liver enzyme levels, as a continuous variable, by unadjusted linear regression analyses (right)

	AST	1^st tertile ( ≤14 U/L)	2^nd tertile (>14 ≤19 U/L)	3^rd tertile (>19 U/L)	β; 95%CI
Number		452	440	447
Age (yr)		54.0±5.8	54.7±5.8	55.0±5.5	0.08; 0.002	0.15
Male (%)		31.9	34.1	47.2	1.88; 1.00	2.76
Alcoholics (%)		41.6	45.0	51.8	1.28; 0.42	2.14
Alcohol (g/day within drinkers)		14.4±8.7	15.8±8.9	16.3±8.5	0.03; -0.05	0.11
Ever smokers (%)		48.3	40.2	41.4	-0.41; -1.27	0.45
BMI (kg/m²)		26.3±5.1	26.1±4.4	27.1±4.9	0.13; 0.04	0.22
Waist (cm)		88.6±13.4	89.3±12.4	92.5±13.0	0.09; 0.06	0.12
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)		132.1±15.3	132.8±16.2	134.8±16.3	0.034; 0.007	0.06
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)		82.3±8.7	82.9±9.5	83.7±9.6	0.05;-0.02	0.078
Uric acid (mmol/L)		178.4±53.5	190.3±59.5	208.2±59.5	0.04;-0.007	0.087
Insulin (pmol/L)		10.2 (0.6-259.8)	10.8 (1.2-137.4)	11.4 (0.6-409.8)	0.74; 0.26	1.22
HOMA insulin resistance (mU/mL×mmol/L)		0.40 (0.02-31.8)	0.44 (0.05-16.6)	0.47 (0.02-25.9)	0.74; 0.30	1.18
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)		5.8±1.9	5.6±1.2	5.9±1.7	0.27; 0.0	0.54
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)		1.6±0.4	1.6±0.4	1.6±0.4	-0.46;-1.69	0.77
Triglycerides (mmol/L)		1.2 (0.5-5.2)	1.3 (0.6-8.7)	1.4 (0.4-5.4)	1.45; 0.5	2.5
Hs-CRP (mg/L)		1.40 (0.20-50.8)	1.30 (0.20-49.5)	1.60 (0.10-130.9)	0.33;-0.07	0.73
Metabolic syndrome (%)		20.1	19.3	26.4	1.54; 0.5	2.6
	ALT	1^st tertile ( ≤14 U/L)	2^nd tertile(>14 ≤22 U/L)	3^rd tertile(>22 U/L)	β; 95%CI
Number		444	459	436
Age (yr)		53.8±5.9	55.2±5.7	54.6±5.4	0.03; -0.09	0.16
Male (%)		23.4	35.1	55.0	5.1; 3.7	6.6
Alcoholics (%)		45.5	44.2	48.7	0.97; -0.46	2.4
Alcohol (g/day within drinkers)		15.2±8.4	16.0±9.0	15.5±8.8	0.03; -0.10	0.17
Ever smokers (%)		42.9	42.3	44.9	-0.07; -1.5	1.4
BMI (kg/m²)		25.0±4.5	26.6±4.6	28.0±4.9	0.69; 0.55	0.83
Waist (cm)		85.4±12.9	89.7±12.1	95.3±12.3	0.29; 0.23	0.35
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)		131.1±16.0	133.0±15.3	135.5±16.3	0.09; 0.05	0.13
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)		81.7±9.3	82.8±8.8	84.4±9.5	0.15; 0.07	0.23
Uric acid (mmol/L)		172.5±53.5	190.3±53.5	214.1±59.5	0.05; 0.04	0.06
Insulin (pmol/L)		10.2 (0.6-151.2)	10.8 (0.6-409.8)	15.0 (0.6-244.2)	3.4; 2.6	4.2
HOMA insulin resistance (mU/mL×mmol/L)		0.38 (0.02-14.3)	0.43 (0.02-31.8)	0.63 (0.02-19.9)	3.5; 2.8	4.2
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)		5.5±1.4	5.6±1.2	6.1±2.1	1.5; 1.1	1.9
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)		1.6±0.4	1.6±0.3	1.5±0.3	-6.8; -8.8	-4.8
Triglycerides (mmol/L)		1.2 (0.5-8.0)	1.3 (0.4-8.7)	1.5 (0.5-5.4)	5.8; 4.2	7.4
Hs-CRP (mg/L)		1.10 (0.10-50.8)	1.40 (0.20-49.5)	1.60 (0.10-130.9	1.4; 0.8	2.1
Metabolic syndrome (%)		12.8	21.1	32.1	5.5; 3.8	7.2
	GGT	1^st tertile ( ≤12 U/L)	2^nd tertile (>12 ≤20 U/L)	3^rd tertile(>20 U/L)	β; 95%CI
Number		412	460	467
Age (yr)		53.6±5.5	54.8±5.8	55.1±5.7	0.009; 0.003	0.015
Male (%)		15.5	38.9	56.1	0.43; 0.37	0.50
Alcoholics (%)		36.6	47.9	52.7	0.15; 0.08	0.22
Alcohol (g/day within drinkers)		14.1±7.9	15.0±9.0	16.9±8.8	0.013; 0.007	0.019
Ever smokers (%)		36.9	43.6	48.8	0.13; 0.06	0.20
BMI (kg/m²)		24.9±4.2	26.7±4.7	27.7±5.0	0.03; 0.02	0.04
Waist (cm)		84.4±12.5	90.4±12.4	94.8±12.2	0.016; 0.014	0.018
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)		129.7±15.0	133.4±15.4	136.1±16.8	0.006; 0.004	0.008
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)		81.5±8.7	82.8±9.3	84.4±9.6	0.009; 0.005	0.013
Uric acid (mmol/L)		166.5±47.6	190.3±59.5	214.1±59.5	0.0037;0.003	0.004
Insulin (pmol/L)		10.2 (0.6-120.0)	10.8 (1.2-409.8)	13.8 (0.6-396.0)	0.13; 0.09	0.17
HOMA insulin resistance (mU/mL×mmol/L)		0.37 (0.02-5.13)	0.43 (0.04-25.9)	0.60 (0.02-31.8)	0.14; 0.10	0.18
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)		5.4±1.1	5.7±1.4	6.1±2.1	0.09; 0.07	0.11
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)		1.7±0.3	1.6±0.3	1.5±0.3	-0.32;-0.22	-0.42
Triglycerides (mmol/L)		1.1 (0.4-4.4)	1.3 (0.4-8.7)	1.5 (0.6-8.0)	0.44; 0.36	0.52
Hs-CRP (mg/L)		1.00 (0.10-20.0)	1.40 (0.20-50.8)	1.80 (0.20-130.9)	0.12; 0.09	0.15
Metabolic syndrome (%)		11.6	20.2	32.8	0.35; 0.27	0.43

Median (range) is reported for not-normally distributed variables; their log-transformed values and log-GGT values are used in the analyses.

Table 2 Clinical and laboratory characteristics of the subjects with normal BMI and without any component of the metabolic syndrome, according to the tertile of liver enzyme concentrations (left); associations of the variables listed with liver enzyme levels, as a continuous variable, by unadjusted linear regression analyses (right)

	AST	1^st tertile ( ≤13 U/L)	2^nd tertile (>13 ≤17 U/L)	3^rd tertile (>17 U/L)	β; 95%CI
Number		67	69	69
Age (yr)		52.2±5.5	52.5±5.7	52.1±5.1	0.001;-0.16	0.16
Male (%)		22.4	34.8	42.0	0.8; -1.0	2.6
Alcoholics (%)		47.8	47.8	56.5	1.2; -0.5	2.9
Alcohol (g/day within drinkers)		15.5±9.1	13.8±9.0	18.5±9.1	0.05; -0.07	0.18
Ever smokers (%)		47.8	39.1	44.9	-0.63;-2.35	1.09
BMI (kg/m²)		21.8±2.0	22.1±1.9	22.1±2.1	0.07;-0.35	0.49
Waist (cm)		76.3±8.1	78.4±7.8	75.3±5.6	0.08;-0.02	0.18
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)		117.4±7.7	116.7±7.4	116.6±9.1	-0.05;-0.15	0.05
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)		74.9±6.0	75.1±5.8	75.3±5.6	-0.01;-0.16	0.14
Uric acid (mmol/L)		154.6±47.6	160.6±41.6	172.5±53.5	0.014;-0.004	0.03
Insulin (pmol/L)		6.0 (0.6-49.2)	9.6 (1.2-108.6)	9.0 (3.0-72.0)	0.41;-0.90	1.72
HOMA insulin resistance (mU/mL´mmol/L)		0.25 (0.02-2.08)	0.34 (0.05-5.40)	0.30 (0.10-2.28)	0.48;-0.85	1.81
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)		5.1±0.4	5.1±0.5	5.2±0.7	0.84;-0.68	2.36
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)		1.8±0.3	1.7±0.4	1.8±0.3	1.73;-0.73	4.19
Triglycerides (mmol/L)		1.0 (0.5-1.7)	1.1 (0.6-1.7)	1.0 (0.4-1.7)	-0.48;-3.65	2.69
Hs-CRP (mg/L)		0.80 (0.10-20.0)	0.60 (0.20-12.6)	0.70 (0.20-8.90)	-0.16;-0.96	0.64
	ALT	1^st tertile ( ≤12 U/L)	2^nd tertile (>12 ≤17 U/L)	3^rd tertile (>17 U/L)	β; 95%CI
Number		66	67	72
Age (yr)		51.9±5.5	52.3±5.4	52.6±5.5	-0.04; -0.29	0.21
Male (%)		15.1	35.8	47.2	4.43; 1.57	7.29
Alcoholics (%)		45.4	50.7	55.6	2.02; -0.72	4.76
Alcohol (g/day within drinkers)		14.8±9.3	16.7±9.1	16.6±9.4	0.03; -0.2	0.26
Ever smokers (%)		47.0	46.3	38.9	-1.10; -3.86	1.66
BMI (kg/m²)		21.8±2.1	21.5±2.1	22.6±1.7	0.55; -0.13	1.23
Waist (cm)		76.8±7.2	75.4±8.8	81.2±7.3	0.23; 0.07	0.39
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)		115.2±9.0	117.4±6.3	117.9±8.4	0.09; -0.08	0.26
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)		75.3±6.3	74.0±5.3	75.9±5.7	0.15; -0.08	0.38
Uric acid (mmol/L)		154.6±41.6	160.6±53.5	172.5±47.6	0.035; 0.008	0.06
Insulin (pmol/L)		7.5 (0.6-108.6)	9.6 (2.4-49.2)	8.4 (1.2-72.0)	1.24; -0.88	3.36
HOMA insulin resistance (mU/mL´mmol/L)		0.29 (0.02-5.40)	0.34 (0.09-2.08)	0.30 (0.05-2.56)	1.41; -0.73	3.54
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)		5.2±0.6	5.0±0.5	5.2±0.6	1.43; -1.02	3.88
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)		1.8±0.3	1.7±0.4	1.7±0.4	-2.07; -6.05	1.91
Triglycerides (mmol/L)		0.9 (0.5-1.7)	1.0 (0.4-1.5)	1.0 (0.4-1.7)	0.91; -4.22	6.04
Hs-CRP (mg/L)		0.80 (0.10-20.0)	0.50 (0.20-17.8)	0.95 (0.20-12.6)	1.15; -0.12	2.42
	GGT	1^st tertile ( ≤10 U/L)	2^nd tertile (>10 ≤16 U/L)	3^rd tertile (>16 U/L)	β; 95%CI
Number		68	71	66
Age (yr)		51.7±5.2	52.3±5.6	52.8±5.5	0.009; -0.008	0.026
Male (%)		17.6	29.6	53.0	0.48; 0.29	0.66
Alcoholics (%)		36.8	54.9	60.6	0.24; 0.06	0.42
Alcohol (g/day within drinkers)		11.2±7.9	16.6±8.6	18.6±9.6	0.012; -0.002	0.026
Ever smokers (%)		35.3	45.1	51.5	0.14; -0.05	0.33
BMI (kg/m²)		21.7±1.9	22.0±2.0	22.3±2.1	0.034; -0.012	0.08
Waist (cm)		76.4±7.2	76.4±8.6	81.1±7.7	0.19; 0.18	0.20
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)		116.0±9.0	117.3±6.3	117.4±8.7	0.008;-0.004	0.02
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)		74.6±6.3	74.9±5.7	75.8±5.4	0.012;-0.004	0.03
Uric acid (mmol/L)		148.7±35.7	166.5±41.6	178.4±59.5	0.004; 0.002	0.006
Insulin (pmol/L)		9.6 (3.0-72.0)	9.0 (0.6-63.6)	8.4 (1.2-108.6)	0.004;-0.14	0.14
HOMA insulin resistance (mU/mL´mmol/L)		0.34 (0.10-2.28)	0.30 (0.02-2.56)	0.30 (0.04-5.40)	0.047; -0.09	0.18
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)		4.8±0.4	5.1±0.5	5.5±0.5	0.35; 0.19	0.51
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)		1.8±0.3	1.7±0.3	1.7±0.4	-0.12; -0.39	0.15
Triglycerides (mmol/L)		0.9 (0.4-1.5)	1.0 (0.4-1.7)	1.1 (0.7-1.7)	0.52; 0.19	0.85
Hs-CRP (mg/L)		0.50 (0.20-8.30)	0.80 (0.10-8.90)	0.95 (0.20-20.0)	0.21; 0.13	0.29

Median (range) is reported for not-normally distributed variables; their log-transformed values and log-GGT values are used in the analyses.

Table 3 Associations of different clinical and laboratory variables with liver enzyme levels in all the patients (left) and in subjects with normal BMI and without any component of the metabolic syndrome (right) in a multiple regression model

	ALL			Normal	BMI and no component of the MS
	β	95%CI		β	95%CI
	AST
Age	0.02	-0.06	0.10	-0.015	-0.17	0.14
Male	0.58	-0.54	1.70	-0.70	-3.05	1.65
Ever smoking	-1.06	-2.16	0.04	-0.54	-2.34	1.26
BMI	-0.13	-0.29	0.03	-0.25	-0.83	0.33
Waist	0.09	0.03	0.15	0.12	-0.04	0.28
G/day alcohol	0.04	0.0	0.08	0.07	-0.02	0.16
Hs-CRP	-0.015	-0.06	0.03	-0.29	-0.55	1.13
HOMA-IR	0.25	-0.28	0.77	0.26	-1.11	1.63
Triglycerides	0.17	-0.91	1.25	-1.39	-4.76	1.98
Uric acid	0.01	0.0	0.02	0.01	-0.009	0.03
		ALT
Age	-0.09	-0.21	0.02	-0.12	-0.37	0.13
Male	3.32	1.58	5.06	3.36	-0.32	7.04
Ever smoking	1.13	-0.30	2.56	-2.27	-5.11	0.57
BMI	0.22	-0.01	0.45	0.07	-0.83	0.97
Waist	0.10	0.01	0.19	0.11	-0.14	0.36
G/day alcohol	0.015	-0.05	0.08	0.03	-0.11	0.17
Hs-CRP	-0.04	-0.74	0.66	1.16	-0.15	2.47
HOMA-IR	1.85	1.03	2.67	0.91	-1.25	3.07
Triglycerides	2.07	0.37	3.77	-0.88	-6.15	4.39
Uric acid	0.015	0.001	0.03	0.01	-0.02	0.04
		GGT
Age	-0.0004	-0.006	0.006	-0.003	-0.019	0.013
Male	0.29	0.21	0.37	0.31	0.10	0.52
Ever smoking	0.02	-0.04	0.07	0.025	-0.16	0.20
BMI	-0.0003	-0.012	0.012	-0.02	-0.07	0.04
Waist	0.004	0.0	0.008	0.0035	-0.012	0.019
G/day alcohol	0.006	0.002	0.010	0.005	-0.003	0.014
Hs-CRP	0.09	0.05	0.12	0.19	0.11	0.27
HOMA-IR	0.03	-0.01	0.07	-0.05	-0.19	0.09
Triglycerides	0.21	0.13	0.29	0.26	-0.05	0.57
Uric acid	0.0012	0.0006	0.0018	0.002	0.0	0.004

Multiple regression analyses with adjustments for all the variables listed.

Citation: Bo S, Gambino R, Durazzo M, Guidi S, Tiozzo E, Ghione F, Gentile L, Cassader M, Pagano GF. Associations between γ-glutamyl transferase, metabolic abnormalities and inflammation in healthy subjects from a population-based cohort: A possible implication for oxidative stress. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11(45): 7109-7117
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v11/i45/7109.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v11.i45.7109