Metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for gallstone disease

Table 1 Clinical, demographic, anthropometric and biochemical variables associated with the probability of gallstone disease in univariate logistic regression analysis.

Variable	Cases, n = 65		Controls, n = 180		OR	95%CI	P
	n	%	n	%
Gender
Men vs women	29	44.6	101	56.1	0.63	0.34-1.12	0.15
Age (yr)
≥45 men; ≥55 women	38	58.5	69	38.3	2.26	1.27-4.03	0.006
Waist circumference (cm)
>102 men; >88 women	34	52.3	40	22.2	3.84	2.11-7.00	<0.0001
Waist to hip ratio
>0.85	55	84.6	139	77.2	1.62	0.76-3.46	0.29
Body mass index (kg/m2)
≥25	52	80	103	57.2	2.99	1.52-5.88	0.001
Body fat (%)
≥30	41	63.1	79	43.9	2.18	1.22-3.91	0.009
Glucose (mmol/L)
≥6.1	15	23.1	22	12.2	2.16	1.04-4.47	0.04
Triacylglycerol (mmol/L)
≥1.7	32	49.2	76	42.2	1.33	0.75-2.34	0.38
Triacylglycerol (mmol/L)
≥2.3	20	30.8	42	23.3	1.46	0.78-2.74	0.25
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
≥6.2	13	20	31	17.2	1.2	0.59-2.47	0.71
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)
≥4.1	16	24.6	38	21.1	1.22	0.63-2.38	0.6
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)
<1.03 male; <1.3 female	43	66.2	110	61.1	1.24	0.69-2.56	0.55
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)
<0.9	19	29.2	51	28.3	1.05	0.56-1.95	0.87
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)
<1.3	54	83.1	135	75	1.64	0.79-3.40	0.23
Total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol
>7	8	12.3	20	11.1	1.12	0.47-2.69	0.82
Systolic blood pressure (kPa)
≥17.3	21	32.3	18	10	4.3	2.11-8.76	<0.0001
Diastolic blood pressure (kPa)
≥11.3	12	18.5	14	7.8	2.69	1.17-6.16	0.03
Blood pressure (kPa)
≥17.3/≥11.3	21	32.2	23	12.8	3.26	1.65-6.43	0.001
Metabolic syndrome (ATPIII)
Yes vs no	26	40	31	17.2	3.2	1.71-6.01	<0.0001
Metabolic syndrome (ATPIII)
0 criterion	4	6.2	39	21.7	1
1 criterion	16	24.6	58	32.2	2.69	0.84-8.65	0.1
2 criteria	19	29.2	52	28.9	3.56	1.12-11.31	0.03
3 criteria	16	24.6	17	9.4	9.18	2.67-31.55	<0.0001
4 criteria	7	10.8	12	6.7	5.69	1.42-22.80	0.01
5 criteria	3	4.6	2	1.1	14.63	1.86-115.2	0.01
HOMA index
>2.5	17	26.2	24	13.3	2.3	1.14-4.64	0.03

Table 2 Mean differences of continuous variables between cases and controls (mean±SD).

Variable	Cases n=65		Controls n=180		P
Age (yr)	51.6	13.7	45	11.2	<0.0001
Waist (cm)	97	15.6	89.9	13.2	<0.0001
Hip (cm)	105	12.9	99.7	11.6	0.001
Waist to hip ratio	0.92	0.07	0.91	0.14	0.08
Body mass index (kg/m2)	28.4	5.7	26.3	4.8	0.001
% body fat	33.1	7.8	28.8	7.5	<0.0001
Systolic blood pressure (kPa)	15.7	2.2	14.4	1.9	<0.0001
Diastolic blood pressure (kPa)	10	1.36	9.4	1.3	0.002
Glucose (mmol/L)	5.9	2.3	5.3	1.5	0.01
Insulin (mU/mL)	7.1	4.3	6.1	3.9	0.1
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.3	1.2	5.3	1	0.8
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)	1	0.3	1.1	0.3	0.35
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)	3.3	0.9	3.42	0.9	0.53
Triacylglycerol (mmol/L)	1.9	0.9	1.8	1.2	0.18
Cholesterol/HDL ratio	5.3	1.4	5.1	1.6	0.34
HOMA index	1.9	1.2	1.5	1.5	0.02

Table 3 Adjusted1 risks associated with the probability of gallstone disease in multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Model	OR	95%CI	P
Glucose (mmol/L)
≥6.1	2.05	0.96-4.39	0.06
Metabolic syndrome (ATPIII)2
Yes vs no	2.79	1.46-5.33	0.002
Metabolic syndrome (ATPIII)
0 criterion	1
1 criterion	2.36	0.72-7.71	0.16
2 criteria	3.89	1.20-12.59	0.02
3 criteria	7.89	2.25-27.73	0.001
4 criteria	5.54	1.35-22.74	0.02
5 criteria	7.46	0.89-62.85	0.07
HOMA index
>2.5	2.25	1.08-4.69	0.03
Waist circumference (cm)
>102 male; >88 women	3.61	1.95-6.71	<0.0001
Body mass index (kg/m2)
2529.9 vs <25	2.35	1.09-5.09	0.03
≥30 vs <25	5.84	2.47-13.83	<0.0001
Body mass index (kg/m2)
≥25 vs <25	3.23	1.57-6.62	0.001
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)
<1.3	2.32	1.05-5.11	0.04
Waist to hip ratio
>0.85	2.20	0.95-5.12	0.07

¹All of the models adjusted by: age (≥45 men; ≥55 women) and gender (men vs women).

²Yes = 3 or more criteria of ATPIII. No = 0-2 ATPIII criteria.