Adaptive cytoprotection through modulation of nitric oxide in ethanol-evoked gastritis

Table 1 Effect of mild irritants on 500 mL/L ethanol-induced macroscopic lesion formation in gastric mucosa of normal and gastritis rats, and modulation by pretreatment with L-NAME

Pretreatment	Macroscopic lesion areas (mm2)
	Normal	Gastritis
H2O (Control)	41.17 ± 7.85	134.17 ± 19.23d
200 mL/L EtOH	2.00 ± 0.93b	31.33 ± 5.96bf
50 g/L NaCl	0 ± 0b	15.00 ± 3.80bf
0.3 mol/L HCl	0 ± 0b	124.33 ± 20.60f
L-NAME + H2O	42.50 ± 10.65	125.40 ± 17.75f
L-NAME + 200 mL/L EtOH	32.33 ± 9.95a	98.83 ± 7.22hf
L-NAME + 50 g/L NaCl	0 ± 0b	32.25 ± 7.49bf
L-NAME + 0.3 mol/L HCl	0 ± 0b	104.25 ± 12.20h

Values are mean ± SE (n = 6),

^bP < 0.001 vs corresponding H₂O group without mild irritant.

^aP < 0.05,

^fP < 0.001vs corresponding group without drug pretreatment.

^dP < 0.01,

^hP < 0.001 vs corresponding group without gastritis (Normal).

Table 2 Effect of mild irritants on 500 mL/L ethanol-induced histological damage in gastric mucosa of normal and gastritis rats, and modulation of protective action of 200 mL/L ethanol by pretreatment with L-NAME

Treatment	Histological damage (% total mucosal thickness)
	Normal				Gastritis
	Total	Type I	Type II	Type III	Total	Type I	Type II	Type III
H2O (Control)	70.80 ± 1.26	16.23 ± 1.07	21.92 ± 1.01	31.36 ± 1.67	91.13 ± 4.31f	14.99 ± 1.14	27.37 ± 1.83e	48.77 ± 3.69f
200 mL/L EtOH	59.61 ± 2.04b	11.12 ± 0.97h	15.27 ± 1.10h	33.20 ± 1.80	92.23 ± 3.89j	14.17 ± 1.26	25.06 ± 1.77j	53.00 ± 3.16j
50 g/L NaCl	73.16 ± 1.82	15.37 ± 1.26	22.64 ± 1.54	35.15 ± 2.07	90.73 ± 3.15f	12.11 ± 1.02	28.33 ± 1.60e	50.29 ± 3.40f
0.3 mmol/L HCl	66.37 ± 2.21	18.20 ± 1.55	20.01 ± 1.98	28.16 ± 3.04	89.83 ± 3.71f	13.72 ± 1.33	25.69 ± 1.52e	50.40 ± 2.56j
L-NAME + H2O	74.2 ± 1.96	16.41 ± 1.72	21.19 ± 1.70	36.62 ± 3.21	94.27 ± 3.06f	15.21 ± 1.31	29.61 ± 1.97f	49.42 ± 3.90e
L-NAME + 200 mL/L EtOH	69.75 ± 2.11d	15.55 ± 1.41a	20.48 ± 1.88c	33.71 ± 2.86	95.10 ± 3.62f	13.78 ± 1.56	27.49 ± 1.81e	53.82 ± 4.11f

Values are mean ± SE (n = 6),

^hP < 0.01,

^bP < 0.001 vs corresponding H₂O group without mild irritant.

^aP < 0.05,

^dP < 0.01 vs corresponding group without drug pretreatment.

^eP < 0.05,

^fP < 0.01,

^jP < 0.001 vs corresponding group without gastritis (Normal).

Table 3 Effect of mild irritants and/or 500 mL/L ethanol on constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in gastric mucosa of normal and gastritis rats

	Nitric oxide synthase activity (cpm/min/mg protein)
	H2O		200 mL/L EtOH		50 g/L NaCl		0.3 mol/L HCl
	Constitutive	Inducible	Constitutive	Inducible	Constitutive	Inducible	Constitutive	Inducible
Basal normal	266.01 ± 22.10	96.97 ± 12.72	768.98 ± 93.17b	107.66 ± 17.17	734.68 ± 74.67b	84.13 ± 19.26	328.77 ± 48.23	97.52 ± 16.12
500 mL/L EtOH normal	132.18 ± 16.49d	106.55 ± 13.19	326.54 ± 33.43a,h	143.51 ± 15.71	282.67 ± 23.86a,d	109.67 ± 12.32a	160.86 ± 25.07	137.24 ± 16.13
Basal gastritis	31.56 ± 7.20f	856.58 ± 93.82f	31.13 ± 10.47f	746.05 ± 94.07f	41.26 ± 11.64f	649.89 ± 81.83f	22.27 ± 8.01f	949.87 ± 106.22f
500 mL/L EtOH gastritis	56.21 ± 8.64j	972.29 ± 123.73f	39.12 ± 3.09f	888.88 ± 129.36f	42.72 ± 10.29f	853.36 ± 103.64f	49.82 ± 10.58j	875.24 ± 122.44f

Values are mean ± SE (n = 6),

^bP < 0.001 vs corresponding H₂O group without mild irritant.

^aP < 0.05,

^hP < 0.01,

^dP < 0.001 vs corresponding group without 500 mL/L EtOH treatment (Basal).

^jP < 0.01,

^fP < 0.001 vs corresponding group without gastritis (Normal).

Table 4 Effect of mild irritants and/or 50% ethanol on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in gastric mucosa of normal and gastritis rats

	SOD activity (units/mg protein)
	H2O	200 mL/L EtOH	50 g/L NaCl	0.3 mol/L HCl
Basal normal	32.08 ± 2.20	36.07 ± 3.18	38.01 ± 1.55	37.53 ± 3.06
500 mL/L EtOH normal	37.20 ± 2.51	41.14 ± 1.82	40.48 ± 0.99	41.33 ± 3.78
Basal gastritis	41.92 ± 2.42a	47.51 ± 3.27a	48.03 ± 2.06b	50.56 ± 3.88a
500 mL/L EtOH gastritis	50.85 ± 4.46a	49.76 ± 3.36a	57.68 ± 6.04a	54.92 ± 4.74a

Values are mean ± SE (n = 6),

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01 vs corresponding group without gastritis (Normal).

Table 5 Effect of mild irritants and/or 50% ethanol on leukotriene C₄ (LTC₄) level in gastric mucosa of normal and gastritis rats

	LTC4 level (pg/mg protein)
	H2O	200 mL/L EtOH	50 g/L NaCl	0.3 mol/L HCl
Basal normal	13.33 ± 3.08	5.77 ± 0.86a	4.19 ± 0.67a	4.28 ± 0.81a
500 mL/L EtOH normal	29.28 ± 5.46c	10.01 ± 1.87b	9.15 ± 3.05b	8.17 ± 2.42b
Basal gastritis	35.08 ± 6.28e	17.05 ± 4.22ae	12.88 ± 3.68ae	14.86 ± 3.60ae
500 mL/L EtOH gastritis	43.84 ± 3.79	18.86 ± 4.66b	17.70 ± 3.06d	21.28 ± 6.33a

Values are mean ± SE (n = 6),

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01,

^dP < 0.001 vs corresponding H₂O group without mild irritant.

^cP < 0.05 vs corresponding group without 500 mL/L EtOH treatment (Basal).

^eP < 0.05 vs corresponding group without gastritis (Normal).