Published online Dec 21, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i47.8166
Peer-review started: March 22, 2021
First decision: June 14, 2021
Revised: July 28, 2021
Accepted: December 8, 2021
Article in press: December 8, 2021
Published online: December 21, 2021
Impressive survival outcome of our previous study in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients undergoing yttrium-90 glass microspheres transarterial radioembolization (TARE) with/without sorafenib according to individuals’ disease burden, i.e., intrahepatic tumor load (IHT) and adverse disease features (ADFs) might partly be confounded by other treatments and underlying hepatic function. Therefore, a dedicated study focusing on treatment response and assessment of failure patterns might be a way to improve treatment outcome in addition to patient selection based on the disease burden.
To assess the tumor response, disease control and patterns of disease progression following TARE with/without sorafenib in unresectable HCC patients.
This retrospective study was conducted in successful TARE procedures with available pre- and post-treatment imaging studies (n = 169). Three treatment subgroups were (1) TARE only (TARE_alone) for IHT ≤ 50% without ADFs, i.e., macrovascular invasion, extrahepatic disease (EHD) and infiltrative/ill-defined HCC (n = 63); (2) TARE with sorafenib (TARE_sorafenib) for IHT > 50% and/or presence of ADFs (n = 81); and (3) TARE only for patients who could not receive sorafenib due to contraindication or intolerance (TARE_no_sorafenib) (n = 25). Objective response rate (ORR; consisted of complete response (CR) and partial response (PR)), disease control rate (DCR; consisted of CR, PR and stable disease) and failure patterns of treated, intrahepatic and extrahepatic sites were assessed using the modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors. Time to progression (TTP) was calculated from TARE to the first radiologic progression at any site using Kaplan-Meier method. Identification of prognostic factors for TTP using the univariate Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox proportional hazard model were performed in major population subgroups, TARE_alone and TARE_sorafenib.
The median radiologic follow-up time was 4.4 mo (range 0.5-48.8). In treated area, ORR was highest in TARE_sorafenib (53.1%), followed by TARE_alone (41.3%) and TARE_no_sorafenib (16%). In intrahepatic area, DCR remained highest in TARE_sorafenib (84%), followed by TARE_alone (79.4%) and TARE_no_sorafenib (44%). The overall DCR was highest in TARE_alone (79.4%), followed by TARE_sorafenib (71.6%) and TARE_no_sorafenib (40%). Dominant failure patterns were intrahepatic for both TARE_alone (44.5%) and TARE_sorafenib (38.4%). Extrahepatic progression was more common in TARE_sorafenib (32%) and TARE_no_sorafenib (40%) than in TARE_alone (12.7%). TTP was longest in TARE_alone (8.6 mo; 95%CI: 3.4-13.8), followed by TARE_sorafenib (5.1 mo; 95%CI: 4.0-6.2) and TARE_no_sorafenib (2.7 mo; 95%CI: 2.2-3.1). Pre-existing EHD (HR: 0.37, 95%CI: 0.24-0.56, P < 0.001) was a sole prognostic factor for TTP in TARE_sorafenib with no prognostic factor for TTP in TARE_alone.
TARE with/without sorafenib according to individuals’ disease burden provided DCR approximately 70% with intrahepatic progression as dominant failure pattern. Extrahepatic progression was more common in procedures with initially high disease burden.
Core Tip: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients treated with yttrium-90 transarterial radioembolization (TARE) alone for intrahepatic tumor load ≤ 50% and TARE with sorafenib for intrahepatic tumor load > 50% and/or present macrovascular invasion, extrahepatic disease or infiltrative HCC yielded acceptable disease control rates of 79.4% and 71.6%, respectively. Between these 2 subgroups, incidence of intrahepatic progression was comparable (about 40%) but extrahepatic progression was much less common with TARE alone (12.7% vs 32%). Strategies that improve intrahepatic control for liver-only disease (dosimetry-based TARE) and extrahepatic control for metastatic disease (additional systemic therapy) could improve TARE outcome for unresectable HCC patients.
- Citation: Teyateeti A, Mahvash A, Long J, Abdelsalam M, Avritscher R, Kaseb A, Odisio B, Ravizzini G, Surasi D, Teyateeti A, Macapinlac H, Kappadath SC. Disease control and failure patterns of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma following transarterial radioembolization with yttrium-90 microspheres and with/without sorafenib. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27(47): 8166-8181
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v27/i47/8166.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i47.8166
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the major health problems worldwide. It is the 6th most common malignancy with over 900000 new cases and 830000 deaths per year and the 3rd leading cause of cancer deaths[1]. HCC has a high mortality rate due to the fact that the majority of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage of disease beyond the curative surgical options. This group of patients, sometimes called unresectable HCC patients, generally have two standard treatment options; local therapies, trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and/or ablation, or systemic therapy[2-5].
Trans-arterial radioembolization (TARE) with yttrium-90 (Y-90) microspheres is an alternative local therapy option for unresectable HCC patients[2,5,6]. Currently, TARE is not an established treatment in most HCC treatment guidelines outside the United State. Consequently, each institution has its own algorithm for selecting TARE candidates. As a result, there exists marked variations in reported treatment outcome for TARE, depending on disease characteristics of enrolled patients[7-10].
At our institution, we offer TARE as monotherapy to patients with intrahepatic tumor (IHT) involvement less than or equal to 50% of total liver parenchyma (IHT ≤ 50%). Patients with IHT greater than 50% (IHT > 50%) or with advanced disease features (ADFs), defined as macrovascular invasion (MVI), extrahepatic disease (EHD) and infiltrative/ill-defined HCC, are candidates for TARE with systemic therapy which historically first line was sorafenib[11].
The clinical outcomes in terms of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) following TARE at our institution has been previously reported[12]. We reported median OS and PFS durations of 21.6 mo (95%CI: 6.1-37.1) and 9.1 mo (95%CI: 5.2-13.0), respectively, for HCC patients with IHT ≤ 50% treated with TARE only; while those for HCC patients treated with TARE in combination with sorafenib were 12.4 mo (95%CI: 9.1-15.6) and 5.1 mo (95%CI: 2.6-7.5), respectively. Better OS for HCC patients treated with TARE in combination with sorafenib was associated with patients with lower disease burden [IHT ≤ 50%, hazard ratios (HR) = 0.39, P = 0.004 and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) < 400, HR = 0.5, P = 0.027]. Unilobar involvement (HR = 0.43, P = 0.029) correlated with better PFS in HCC patients with IHT ≤ 50% treated with TARE only. However, the OS and PFS survival outcomes reported was affected by several treatment combinations and not solely due to the effect of TARE itself. The objective of this study was to quantify and characterize the benefits of TARE as a local therapy. More specifically, we investigated the objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), time to progression (TTP), and, in the case of progression, the pattern and location of disease progression, for HCC patients treated at our institution with TARE, either as monotherapy or in combination with sorafenib.
This institutional review board approved retrospective study was conducted in unresectable HCC patients who received TARE with Y-90 glass microspheres at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX, United States) from November 16, 2010, to October 1, 2018. Inclusion criteria were successful TARE procedures with available pre-treatment imaging study within 1 mo before TARE and at least one post-treatment imaging study within 2 mo after TARE (n = 176). In case of multiple follow-ups, all of imaging studies were done with the same imaging technique, i.e., all contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) or all magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Exclusion criteria were TARE procedures with restrictions on imaging interpretation and/or comparison, i.e., non-contrast enhanced studies (n = 5), poor quality imaging study (n = 1) and hypo-vascular HCC (n = 1). A total of 169 procedures from 151 patients were finally included for analysis in this study.
Pretreatment clinical histories and laboratory tests, including AFP and liver function tests were reviewed retrospectively in procedure-based fashion. Staging of disease and performance status were assessed by the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, respectively[3,13]. Contrast-enhanced CT or MRI was used to evaluate cirrhosis, infiltrative tumor, MVI, EHD (consisted of lymph node and distant metastasis), number of tumors, lobar involvement and IHT.
The technetium-99m macro aggregated albumin (Tc-99m MAA) pre-treatment scan was done to assess vascular anatomies and simulate Y-90 microspheres distribution in all procedures. TARE was usually performed within 1 mo after the Tc-99m MAA pre-treatment evaluation. Administration of Y-90 glass microspheres and sorafenib followed the manufacturer’s instructions for use and per the direction of the treating oncologist[14,15]. Dose of sorafenib was adjusted on the basis of patients’ tolerability and was reduced or withdrawn due to toxicity. Other treatments e.g., TACE, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, etc. were given at the time of progression at the discretion of the treating oncologist.
Treatment strategies were classified into 3 subgroups according to patients’ disease burden as assessed by IHT (≤ 50% vs > 50%) and ADFs (absence vs presence) and patients’ general conditions as considered by ECOG and underlying conditions at time of procedures: (1) TARE_alone was referred to TARE as a sole treatment in patients with IHT ≤ 50% and absence of ADFs; (2) TARE_sorafenib was a combination of TARE and sorafenib in patients with IHT > 50% and/or presence of ADFs; and (3) TARE_no_sorafenib was TARE only treatment in patients who could not receive TARE_sorafenib due to contraindication or intolerance. All combined treatments were given concurrently or within a 1-month interval.
Contrast-enhanced CT or MRI was obtained, usually within 2 mo after TARE and every 2-3 mo thereafter. All imaging studies were reinterpreted by a team, consisting of 4 interventional radiologists and 2 nuclear medicine physicians with diagnostic radiology training. All equivocal findings were determined by a consensus of 2 or more members in a team. The modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (mRECIST) was applied for response assessment[16].
Evaluation were performed in both intrahepatic and extrahepatic areas. Intrahepatic area was composed of treated area, referred to target lesions according to mRECIST and untreated area, referred to intrahepatic area outside treated area. Extrahepatic area was elsewhere outside the liver. Radiologic assessment was performed until initiation of new systemic treatment, last radiological follow-up, or patient’s death, whichever came first. If patients received additional treatment for residual tumor in treated area (e.g., TACE, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), surgical resection etc.), response assessment was not performed after these treatments.
Treatment response was referred to the best radiologic response at any time point during the evaluation period. Responses were categorized as complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) or progressive disease (PD) following the mRECIST. ORR was a sum of CR and PR. DCR was a sum of CR, PR and SD. These responses were reported according to the assessed areas which were (1) Treated area; (2) Intrahepatic area, composed of treated and untreated areas; and (3) Overall, composed of intrahepatic and extrahepatic areas.
In case of progression, failure patterns were evaluated. The failure patterns in patients that progressed were classified into 3 categories according to the site of first progression: (1) Treated area; (2) Untreated area; and (3) Extrahepatic area. The first instance of progression in treated area at any time during the follow-up period was classified into 5 categorized: (1) Development of new HCC; (2) Recurrence/increased enhancement of previously treated HCC; (3) Development of new MVI; (4) Progressive MVI; and (5) Mixed patterns. Progression in untreated area was defined as appearance of new lesion or progression of pre-existing untreated lesion.
Estimation of TTP was performed for: (1) Treated area; (2) Untreated area; and (3) Overall. TTP was defined as the time from TARE to the first unequivocal radiologic progression at pre-specified sites (treated and untreated areas) or at any site (overall). Deaths or loss follow-up were censored at time of last follow-up without radiologic evidence of progression. Analysis on prognostic factors for TTP of overall disease was performed only in major population subgroups, TARE_alone and TARE_sorafenib.
Baseline characteristics, response rate and patterns of disease progression were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. TTP and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were estimated by using Kaplan-Meier method and comparison between subgroups were done with log-rank test. The univariate analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier method. The HR were calculated by using a Cox proportional hazard regression. Factors in the univariate analysis with P < 0.1 were further analyzed in a multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazard model. In the multivariate analysis, statistically significant P value was set at 0.05. All statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics software for Windows, version 21.0 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.).
The median age at time of diagnosis was 66 years (range 17-85) with most patients being male (76.2%). In our study cohort, 80/151 (53%) patients received TARE as their first treatment, 46/151 (30.5%) patients received local treatments prior to TARE, and 25/151 (16.6%) patients received systemic treatments prior to TARE. Local treatments included surgical resection, trans-arterial embolization, TACE, TARE with Y-90 resin microspheres, RFA, and microwave ablation; while systemic treatment included targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. Most patients (133/151, 88.1%) received single TARE treatments only, with 16/151 (10.6%) and 2/151 (1.3%) patients receiving two and three separate TARE procedures, respectively.
Patient and tumor characteristics at time of TARE procedure (n = 169) stratified by treatments are shown on Table 1; the two most common treatments were TARE_alone (37.3%) and TARE_sorafenib (47.9%). Majority of patients had ECOG status either 0 (48.5%) or 1 (48.5%). While the TARE_alone subgroup had similar proportions of BCLC B and C (41.3% vs 49.2%), the remaining subgroups predominantly consisted of BCLC C patients (> 80%). Most patients were Child-Pugh A (92.9%) and presented with cirrhosis (69.2%) and multiple tumors (83.4%). While the TARE_alone subgroup had similar proportions of unilobar and bilobar disease (52.4% vs 47.6%), the remaining subgroups predominantly consisted of (≈ 70%) patients with bilobar disease.
| Parameters | All procedures (n = 169) | TARE_alone (n = 63) | TARE_sorafenib (n = 81) | TARE_no_sorafenib (n = 25) |
| ECOG | ||||
| 0 | 82 (48.5) | 32 (50.8) | 40 (49.4) | 10 (40) |
| 1 | 82 (48.5) | 28 (44.4) | 40 (49.4) | 14 (56) |
| 2 | 4 (2.4) | 2 (3.2) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (4) |
| 3 | 1 (0.6) | 1 (1.6) | 0 | 0 |
| BCLC | ||||
| A | 5 (3) | 5 (7.9) | 0 | 0 |
| B | 45 (26.6) | 26 (41.3) | 16 (19.8) | 3 (12) |
| C | 118 (69.8) | 31 (49.2) | 65 (80.2) | 22 (88) |
| D | 1 (0.6) | 1 (1.6) | 0 | 0 |
| Child-pugh class | ||||
| A | 157 (92.9) | 57 (90.5) | 78 (96.3) | 22 (88.0) |
| B | 12 (7.1) | 6 (9.5) | 3 (3.7) | 3 (12.0) |
| AFP1 | ||||
| < 400 ng/mL | 118 (70.2) | 54 (85.7) | 52 (64.2) | 12 (50) |
| ≥ 400 ng/mL | 50 (29.8) | 9 (14.3) | 29 (35.8) | 12 (50) |
| Cirrhosis | ||||
| Absence | 52 (30.8) | 15 (23.8) | 29 (35.8) | 8 (32) |
| Presence | 117 (69.2) | 48 (76.2) | 52 (64.2) | 17 (68) |
| Infiltrative tumor | ||||
| Absence | 133 (78.7) | 63 (100) | 58 (71.6) | 12 (48) |
| Presence | 36 (21.3) | 0 | 23 (28.4) | 13 (52) |
| Vascular invasion2 | ||||
| Absence | 131 (78) | 63 (100) | 56 (70) | 12 (48) |
| Presence | 37 (22) | 0 | 24 (30) | 13 (52) |
| Extrahepatic disease | ||||
| Absence | 137 (81.1) | 63 (100) | 60 (74.1) | 14 (56) |
| Presence | 32 (18.9) | 0 | 21 (25.9) | 11 (44) |
| Number of tumors | ||||
| Single | 28 (16.6) | 12 (19) | 9 (11.1) | 7 (28) |
| Multiple | 141 (83.4) | 51 (81) | 72 (88.9) | 18 (72) |
| Lobar involvement | ||||
| Unilobar | 63 (37.3) | 33 (52.4) | 22 (27.2) | 8 (32) |
| Bilobar | 106 (62.7) | 30 (47.6) | 59 (72.8) | 17 (68) |
| Intrahepatic tumor | ||||
| ≤ 50% | 116 (68.6) | 63 (100) | 37 (45.7) | 16 (64) |
| > 50% | 53 (31.4) | 0 | 44 (54.3) | 9 (36) |
| TARE procedures | ||||
| 1 | 151 (89.3) | 56 (88.9) | 71 (87.7) | 24 (96) |
| 2 | 16 (9.5) | 7 (11.1) | 8 (9.9) | 1 (4) |
| 3 | 2 (1.2) | 0 | 2 (2.5) | 0 |
TARE characteristic stratified by treatment are displayed on Table 2. TARE_alone procedures had the lowest median lung shunt fraction (4.6%), median lung dose (4.7 Gy) and median administered activity (1.7 GBq). In all subgroups, lobar treatment was the most common TARE approach (39.1%), followed by whole liver treatment (27.8%).
| All procedures (n = 169) | TARE_alone (n = 63) | TARE_sorafenib (n = 81) | TARE_no_sorafenib (n = 25) | |
| LSF, % | 6.0 (0.8-30.4) | 4.6 (1.0-26.4) | 6.1 (0.8-30.4) | 6.3 (2.0-13.6) |
| Lung mean dose, Gy1 | 8.2 (0.3-29.7) | 4.7 (0.3-29.2) | 10.1 (0.5-29.7) | 11.2 (2.0-29.2) |
| Mean dose to treated liver volume, Gy1 | 110 (80-135) | 110 (80-135) | 110 (80-135) | 110 (80-135) |
| Interval between Tc-99m MAA and TARE, d1 | 20 (0-125) | 21 (0-1252) | 17 (0-44) | 21 (10-34) |
| Administered activity, GBq | 2.5 (0.3-8.1) | 1.7 (0.3-6.3) | 2.9 (0.6-8.1) | 2.7 (0.8-5.9) |
| TARE approach, n (%) | ||||
| Whole liver3 | 47 (27.8) | 16 (25) | 25 (31) | 6 (24) |
| Lobar + segment | 22 (13) | 4 (6) | 15 (18) | 3 (12) |
| Lobar | 66 (39.1) | 23 (37) | 30 (37) | 13 (52) |
| Multiple segments | 23 (13.6) | 13 (21) | 7 (9) | 3 (12) |
| Single segment | 11 (6.5) | 7 (11) | 4 (5) | 0 |
The median radiologic follow-up time was 4.4 mo (range 0.5-48.8). The best radiologic mRECIST response categorized by treatment are shown on Table 3. In the treated area, TARE_sorafenib subgroup had the highest ORR (53.1%), DCR (87.7%), and CR rate (11.1%), with TARE_alone subgroup having slightly lower ORR (41.3%) but similar DCR (85.7%). In the treated and intrahepatic areas, the two dominant response categories for TARE_alone and TARE_sorafenib were PR and SD, accounting for over 70% of all responses; the two dominant response categories for TARE_no_sorafenib were SD and PD, accounting for over 80%. The two highest overall DCRs were observed in TARE_alone (79.4%) followed by TARE_sorafenib (71.6%) subgroups.
| All procedures (n = 169) | TARE_alone (n = 63) | TARE_sorafenib (n = 81) | TARE_no_sorafenib (n = 25) | |
| Treated area | ||||
| CR | 12 (7.1) | 2 (3.2) | 9 (11.1) | 1 (4) |
| PR | 61 (36.1) | 24 (38.1) | 34 (42) | 3 (12) |
| SD | 66 (39.1) | 28 (44.4) | 28 (34.6) | 10 (40) |
| PD | 30 (17.8) | 9 (14.3) | 10 (12.3) | 11 (44) |
| OR | 73 (43.2) | 26 (41.3) | 43 (53.1) | 4 (16) |
| DC | 139 (82.2) | 54 (85.7) | 71 (87.7) | 14 (56) |
| Intrahepatic area | ||||
| CR | 12 (7.1) | 2 (3.2) | 9 (11.1) | 1 (4) |
| PR | 58 (34.3) | 22 (34.9) | 33 (40.7) | 3 (12) |
| SD | 59 (34.9) | 26 (41.3) | 26 (32.1) | 7 (28) |
| PD | 40 (23.7) | 13 (20.6) | 13 (16) | 14 (56) |
| OR | 70 (41.4) | 24 (38.1) | 42 (51.9) | 4 (16) |
| DC | 129 (76.3) | 50 (79.4) | 68 (84) | 11 (44) |
| Overall | ||||
| CR | 10 (5.9) | 2 (3.2) | 7 (8.6) | 1 (4) |
| PR | 52 (30.8) | 22 (34.9) | 28 (34.6) | 2 (8) |
| SD | 56 (33.1) | 26 (41.3) | 23 (28.4) | 7 (28) |
| PD | 51 (30.2) | 13 (20.6) | 23 (28.4) | 15 (60) |
| OR | 62 (36.7) | 24 (38.1) | 35 (43.2) | 3 (12) |
| DC | 107 (69.8) | 50 (79.4) | 58 (71.6) | 10 (40) |
Table 4 shows the overall failure patterns categorized by treatment. Disease progression were observed in 65.7% of all procedures. The lowest and highest rates of progression were noted in TARE_alone (57.1%) and TARE_no_sorafenib (72%) subgroups, respectively. The most common site of first disease progression was intrahepatic area for both TARE_alone (44.5%) and TARE_sorafenib procedures (38.4%). Extrahepatic progression (including both extrahepatic only and intrahepatic with extrahepatic) contributed to more than 30% cases in TARE_sorafenib (32%) and TARE_no_sorafenib (40%) subgroups, much higher than TARE_alone (12.7%) subgroup.
| All procedures (n = 169) | TARE_alone (n = 63) | TARE_sorafenib (n = 81) | TARE_no_sorafenib (n = 25) | |
| No progression | 58 (34.3) | 27 (42.9) | 24 (29.6) | 7 (28) |
| Progression | 111 (65.7) | 36 (57.1) | 57 (70.4) | 18 (72) |
| Intrahepatic only | 67 (39.6) | 28 (44.5) | 31 (38.4) | 8 (32) |
| Treated area only | 36 (21.3) | 16 (25.4) | 17 (21) | 3 (12) |
| Untreated area only | 20 (11.8) | 10 (15.9) | 6 (7.4) | 4 (16) |
| Both treated and untreated areas | 11 (6.5) | 2 (3.2) | 8 (9.9) | 1 (4) |
| Extrahepatic only | 17 (10.1) | 3 (4.8) | 13 (16) | 1 (4) |
| Intra- and extrahepatic | 27 (16) | 5 (7.9) | 13 (16) | 9 (36) |
Of total 169 procedures, intrahepatic progression was observed in 100 procedures (59.2%) with 75 procedures being progression in treated area (44.4%). Table 5 stratifies intrahepatic failure patterns of disease progression when intrahepatic progression was observed by treatment subgroups (n = 100). The progression rates in treated area of TARE_alone (67.6%) subgroup was lower than that of TARE_sorafenib (81.6%) and TARE_no_sorafenib (70.6%) subgroups. The two most common cause of disease progression in treated area across all subgroups were the development of new HCC (34%), followed by the recurrence/increased enhancement of previously treated HCC (20%). The progression rate of untreated area was highest (32.4%) and lowest (18.4%) in TARE_alone and TARE_sorafenib subgroup, respectively.
| All procedures (n = 100) | TARE_alone (n = 34) | TARE_sorafenib (n = 49) | TARE_no_sorafenib (n = 17) | |
| Progression in treated area | 75 (75) | 23 (67.6) | 40 (81.6) | 12 (70.6) |
| New HCC | 34 (34) | 12 (35.3) | 19 (38.8) | 3 (17.6) |
| Recurrence/increased enhancement of previously treated HCC | 20 (20) | 5 (14.7) | 9 (26.5) | 6 (35.3) |
| With new MVI | 8 (8) | 2 (5.9) | 6 (12.2) | 0 |
| With progressive MVI | 3 (3) | 0 | 3 (6.1) | 0 |
| With mixed patterns1 | 10 (10) | 4 (11.8) | 3 (6.1) | 3 (17.6) |
| Progression in untreated area | 25 (25) | 11 (32.4) | 9 (18.4) | 5 (29.4) |
Median overall TTP of all procedures was 4.9 mo (95%CI: 3.9-5.9). TTP of treated area, untreated area and overall stratified by treatment subgroups are provided in Table 6. Amongst the 3 subgroups, median overall TTP for TARE_alone was highest at 8.6 mo followed by TARE_sorafenib at 5.1 mo and TARE_no_sorafenib at 2.7 mo.
| All procedures (n = 169) | TARE_alone (n = 63) | TARE_sorafenib (n = 81) | TARE_no_sorafenib (n = 25) | |
| Treated area | ||||
| Censored patients | 87 | 39 | 37 | 11 |
| TTP, mo | 7.8 (6.4-9.3) | 12.3 (10.4-14.1) | 7.5 (6.2-8.8) | 3.6 (0.8-6.4) |
| Untreated area | ||||
| Censored patients | 119 | 47 | 59 | 13 |
| TTP, mo | 12.8 (4.3-21.3) | 22.9 (10.2-35.7) | 11.9 (8.0-15.8) | 3.6 (2.1-5.1) |
| Overall | ||||
| Censored patients | 58 | 27 | 24 | 7 |
| TTP, mo | 4.9 (3.9-5.9) | 8.6 (3.4-13.8) | 5.1 (4.0-6.2) | 2.7 (2.2-3.1) |
The result of univariate and multivariate analysis of TTP of TARE_alone and TARE_sorafenib are provided in Table 7. None of the variables explored were found to be statistically significant prognostic factors for TTP in TARE_alone subgroup. Both child-pugh class and lobar involvement with P < 0.1, in both univariate and multivariate analysis, could be considered marginally significant factors. For TARE_sorafenib subgroups, univariate analysis showed ECOG, EHD, and IHT to be statistically significant prognostic factors for TTP, that compressed to a single factor of EHD in multivariate analysis with a P < 0.001 (Table 8).
| Prognostic factors | TARE_alone (n = 63) | TARE_sorafenib (n = 81) | ||||||
| n1 | c1 | HR (95%CI) | P value | n1 | c1 | HR (95%CI) | P value | |
| ECOG2 | ||||||||
| 0 | 32 | 13 | 0.57 (0.27-1.19) | 0.131 | 40 | 8 | 1.96 (1.11-3.45) | 0.018 |
| 1 | 28 | 13 | 40 | 16 | ||||
| BCLC stage3 | ||||||||
| B | 26 | 9 | 0.62 (0.30-1.28) | 0.193 | 16 | 5 | 1.02 (0.53-1.99) | 0.947 |
| C | 31 | 14 | 65 | 19 | ||||
| Child-pugh class | ||||||||
| A | 57 | 24 | 0.35 (0.10-1.22) | 0.083 | 78 | 23 | 0.75 (0.18-3.13) | 0.694 |
| B | 6 | 3 | 3 | 1 | ||||
| AFP | ||||||||
| < 400 ng/mL | 54 | 22 | 0.73 (0.25-2.10) | 0.556 | 52 | 15 | 0.78 (0.45-1.35) | 0.378 |
| ≥ 400 ng/mL | 9 | 5 | 29 | 9 | ||||
| Cirrhosis | ||||||||
| Absence | 15 | 6 | 1.08 (0.51-2.32) | 0.835 | 29 | 7 | 1.39 (0.82-2.38) | 0.222 |
| Presence | 48 | 21 | 52 | 17 | ||||
| Number of tumors | ||||||||
| Single | 12 | 6 | 0.71 (0.29-1.73) | 0.449 | 9 | 5 | 0.59 (0.21-1.65) | 0.308 |
| Multiple | 51 | 21 | 72 | 19 | ||||
| Lobar involvement | ||||||||
| Unilobar | 33 | 16 | 0.52 (0.27-1.04) | 0.058 | 22 | 7 | 0.95 (0.52-1.74) | 0.870 |
| Bilobar | 30 | 11 | 59 | 17 | ||||
| Infiltrative tumor4 | ||||||||
| Absence | 58 | 15 | 1.14 (0.62-2.09) | 0.673 | ||||
| Presence | 23 | 9 | ||||||
| MVI4 | ||||||||
| Absence | 56 | 12 | 1.76 (0.92-3.35) | 0.081 | ||||
| Presence | 24 | 11 | ||||||
| EHD4 | ||||||||
| Absence | 60 | 23 | 0.37 (0.21-0.65) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Presence | 21 | 1 | ||||||
| IHT4 | ||||||||
| ≤ 50% | 37 | 15 | 0.54 (0.32-0.93) | 0.024 | ||||
| > 50% | 44 | 9 | ||||||
| Population | Prognostic factors | n1 | c1 | HR (95%CI) | P value |
| TARE_alone (n = 63) | Child-pugh class | ||||
| A | 57 | 24 | 0.32 (0.09-1.10) | 0.073 | |
| B | 6 | 3 | |||
| Lobar involvement | |||||
| Unilobar | 33 | 16 | 0.51 (0.26-1.00) | 0.051 | |
| Bilobar | 30 | 11 | |||
| TARE_sorafenib (n = 81) | ECOG2 | ||||
| 0 | 40 | 8 | 0.85 (0.59-1.22) | 0.370 | |
| 1 | 40 | 16 | |||
| MVI | |||||
| Absence | 56 | 12 | 1.15 (0.74-1.80) | 0.532 | |
| Presence | 24 | 11 | |||
| EHD | |||||
| Absence | 60 | 23 | 0.37 (0.24-0.56) | < 0.001 | |
| Presence | 21 | 1 | |||
| IHT | |||||
| ≤ 50% | 37 | 15 | 0.72 (0.49-1.06) | 0.096 | |
| > 50% | 44 | 9 |
Lobar involvement marginally stratified TTP duration (unilobar 11.0 mo; 95%CI: 5.0-17.0 vs bilobar 5.6 mo; 95%CI: 2.4-8.8, P = 0.058) for TARE_alone patients. Statistically significant differences in TTP duration of TARE_sorafenib procedures were noted when stratified by EHD (absent 7.5 mo; 95%CI: 4.9-10.0 vs present 2.8 mo; 95%CI: 2.6-3.1, P = < 0.001) and IHT (≤ 50% 7.7 mo; 95%CI: 5.1-10.3 vs > 50% 5.1 mo; 95%CI: 4.0-6.2, P = 0.024).
TARE has been an increasing treatment option for unresectable HCC patients[2,5,6]. Treatment outcomes of TARE in the literatures varied considerably, depending on several factors such as the characteristics and stage of enrolled patients, and the experience and preferences of investigators with TARE[7-10,17-20]. In this study, we reported disease control and objective response with TARE for unresectable HCC per our institutional treatment algorithm which may include combination treatment with sorafenib based on two unique features: disease burden assessment by IHT and presence of ADFs. Pertinent findings in our study included development of new HCC tumors as a major intrahepatic failure pattern, disease progression in treated area and extrahepatic area as the most common overall disease failure patterns in TARE_alone and TARE_sorafenib procedures, respectively.
Our finding that 70% of treated lesions could achieve PR or SD was consistent with the previous studies[9,21]. Interestingly, the TARE_sorafenib subgroup provided the highest response rate (ORR 53.1% and CR 11.1%) followed by the TARE_alone subgroup (ORR 41.3% and CR 3.2%) which consisted of patients without ADFs or lower IHT. When comparing between subgroups with similar disease burden, DCR of TARE_sorafenib was much higher than TARE_no_sorafenib (87.7% vs 56%). Furthermore, median TTP duration of treated area for TARE_sorafenib was much longer than TARE_no_sorafenib (7.5 vs 3.6 mo). Acknowledging that antiangiogenic effect of sorafenib could promote oxygenation to the core of tumor and thereby increase tumor sensitivity to radiation[19,22,23], we postulated that better disease control observed for TARE_sorafenib might be attributed to the beneficial effect of sorafenib.
It is noteworthy that in subgroups without sorafenib, TARE_alone and TARE_no_sorafenib, decrease of DCRs of treated area and intrahepatic area were 6.3 percentage points (from 85.7% to 79.4%) and 12 percentage points (from 56% to 44%), respectively. In the meantime, decrease of DCR of TARE_sorafenib was only 3.7 percentage points (from 87.7% to 84%). Given that intrahepatic area consisted of treated and untreated areas, disease progression in untreated area should make DCR of intrahepatic area lower than DCR of treated area. Thus, a less prominent change of DCR of TARE_sorafenib subgroup, compared to others might suggest that addition of sorafenib to TARE could reduce disease progression in untreated area and thereby provided a better intrahepatic control.
The most common intrahepatic failure patterns according to several studies, including this work was the development of new HCC, both in treated or untreated areas[9,21,24]. This might be explained by the hypothesis that newly detected HCC during follow-up might be pre-existing undetectable microscopic HCC. These lesions have generally less developed arterial blood supply compared to the macroscopic ones, and therefore, they do not achieve the tumoricidal dose from TARE. These small tumors might subsequently progress giving the impression of new HCC following TARE[21,24,25].
Regarding the patterns of disease progression, TARE_alone which had lowest disease burden was the only subgroup that the most common site of first disease progression was treated area (n = 16/36, 44.4%). Additionally, disease progression of TARE_alone were mostly limited in intrahepatic area (n = 28/36, 77.8%). Therefore, aggressive TARE based on advanced and personalized dosimetry with radiation dose to tumor exceeding tumoricidal threshold, around 200 Gy as claimed by several studies, might increase response of treated area[26,27]. We acknowledge that tumor specific dose estimates may further stratify tumor response status, but the retrospective calculation of tumor doses are beyond the scope of this work. Furthermore, cone-beam CT (CBCT) has been proven to demonstrate additional tumors overlooked by angiography and Tc-99m MAA scan[28]. Consequently, incorporating CBCT to treatment planning might be another way to improve intrahepatic control with TARE.
Rates of first disease progression in extrahepatic area of TARE_sorafenib (32%) and TARE_no_sorafenib (40%) subgroups were obviously higher than that of TARE_alone subgroup (12.7%). We hypothesized that this might be a result of higher baseline disease burden of these subgroups compared with TARE_alone (IHT > 50% and/or ADFs vs IHT ≤ 50% without ADFs). TARE_alone was also the only cohort without EHD whereas TARE_sorafenib and TARE_no_sorafenib had EHD in 25.9% and 44.4% cases, respectively. Considering TARE_sorafenib subgroup as an example, given that overall disease control was a consequence of both intrahepatic and extrahepatic control, a decrease of DCR, from 84% of intrahepatic area to 71.6% of overall could contemplate that extrahepatic progression occurred in a considerable number of TARE_sorafenib procedures (12.4%). Hence, enhancement of extrahepatic control by introducing a more potent systemic therapy might be a key of more effective treatment in this group of patients.
In a prospective study on efficacy of TARE in unresectable HCC patients with IHT ≤ 50%, variables affecting TTP were tumor diameter (> 6 cm vs ≤ 6 cm., HR 3.65; 95%CI: 1.39-9.59, P = 0.0087) and treatment response according to European Association for the study of the liver (PD vs CR + PR + SD, HR 22.48; 95%CI: 4.53-111.61, P = 0.0001)[7]. Nevertheless, there was no prognostic factor of TTP for TARE_alone subgroup in our study. We presumed that our institutional selection criteria for TARE_alone, IHT ≤ 50% and absence of EHD, MVI and infiltrative/ill-defined HCC probably made this group of patients had relatively low disease burden. TARE_alone was rather effective for all, therefore, minor differences in baseline characteristics might not affect the duration of TTP.
EHD at time of procedure (absence vs presence; HR 0.37; 95%CI: 0.24-0.56, P < 0.001) was a sole prognostic factor of TTP for TARE_sorafenib. A quarter of TARE_sorafenib procedures also had EHD before treatment (25.9%) and 32% of progression of TARE_sorafenib subgroup was extrahepatic area first. All of these findings supported a significance of pre-existing EHD on disease control. Taking all of these findings together, TARE_sorafenib for patient with pre-existing EHD might be inadequate. More aggressive treatment such as TARE with other novel agents should be considered for future clinical trial.
In this study, we demonstrated a correlation between disease burden, given treatment and disease control. Moreover, we successfully identified some unique failure patterns which could guide possible ways to provide a better disease control. To the best of our knowledge, the current study was one of very few studies addressing this kind of issues. Our outcome measurements, TTP and tumor response were both direct parameters reflecting efficacy of treatment[8,29]. Additionally, treatment response of all procedures were re-assessed by using the mRECIST. Anti-tumor effects of TARE and sorafenib might not result in tumor shrinkage but they could produce tumor necrosis[30,31]. As a result, assessment on the basis of enhancement like mRECIST was more appropriate to our study than size-based evaluation of response evaluation criteria in solid tumors.
Several limitations of our study related to natures of retrospective study. First, we acknowledged that mixed imaging techniques for evaluation of treatment response (CT n = 102, 60.4% and MRI n = 67, 39.6%) might produce some heterogeneities in diagnostic performance. Second, median radiologic follow-up duration was only 4.4 mo. This period was rather short because many patients that were referred for TARE at our institution had only 1 imaging follow-up study at our institution. Furthermore, all of 3 post-treatment imaging studies done within the first month after TARE showed rapid disease progression, either in treated area (TARE_sorafenib n = 1) or extrahepatic area (TARE_no_sorafenib n = 2). Lastly, number of patients in TARE_no_sorafenib subgroup was too limited to be statistically meaningful.
In the present study, we found that disease progression in TARE_alone subgroup usually limited to intrahepatic area and majority of progression originated in treated area. Therefore, either local or systemic treatment which promotes disease control at treated area might lead to better overall disease control. In contrast, disease progression in TARE_sorafenib subgroup tends to be extrahepatic and pre-existing EHD could worsen disease control. Study on using of TARE in combination with novel systemic therapy that is more potent than sorafenib might be required to improve treatment outcome.
TARE_alone for procedures with IHT ≤ 50% and absence of ADFs and TARE_sorafenib for procedures with IHD > 50% and/or presence of ADFs could provide acceptable disease control of approximately 70% in unresectable HCC patients. Intrahepatic progression was the most common failure pattern in both subgroups but extrahepatic progression was far more common in TARE_sorafenib. Strategies that improve intrahepatic control for liver-only disease (dosimetry-based TARE) and extrahepatic control for metastatic disease (additional systemic therapy) could improve TARE outcome for HCC patients.
Survival outcome of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients post yttrium-90 (Y-90) glass microspheres transarterial radioembolization (TARE) with/without sorafenib according to individual’s disease burden might partly be confounded by subsequent treatments. Therefore, a study on tumor response might better represent effectiveness of TARE with/without sorafenib.
Disease control and failure patterns following TARE with/without sorafenib might suggest how to intensify treatment to improve treatment outcome.
This study describes the disease control and failure patterns of unresectable HCC patients who underwent Y-90 microspheres TARE with/without sorafenib according to individuals’ disease burden, i.e., intrahepatic tumor (IHT) and adverse disease features (ADFs), consisting of macrovascular invasion, extrahepatic disease (EHD) and infiltrative/ill-defined HCC.
Y-90 microspheres TARE procedures with available pre and post-treatment imaging studies (n = 169) were retrospectively reviewed and categorized into 3 subgroups on the basis of treatment given and individuals’ disease conditions: (1) TARE_alone, referred to TARE only for IHT ≤ 50% without ADFs (n = 63); (2) TARE_sorafenib, referred to TARE with sorafenib for IHT > 50% and/or presence of ADFs (n = 81); and (3) TARE_no_sorafenib, referred to TARE only for patients with contraindication to sorafenib or side effect intolerance (n = 25). Disease control rate (DCR; consisted of complete response, partial response and stable disease) and failure patterns of treated, intrahepatic and extrahepatic sites were assessed using mRECIST.
The key findings were that TARE_alone for procedures with IHT ≤ 50% and absence of ADFs and TARE_sorafenib for procedures with IHT > 50% and/or presence of ADFs could provide comparable DCR (79% vs 72%) with similar incidence of intrahepatic progression (44.5% vs 38.5%). However, extrahepatic progression was much more common in TARE_sorafenib procedures (13% vs 32%).
DCR of TARE_alone and TARE_sorafenib procedures were similar (about 70%). Intrahepatic progression was dominant failure pattern for both (about 40%) but extrahepatic progression was far more common in TARE_sorafenib procedures.
On the basis of findings in the present study, we suggested further investigations on additional treatment to enhance disease control. Disease progression in TARE_alone subgroup usually originated in treated area and mostly limited to intrahepatic area. Thus, local or systemic treatment which potentiates disease control at treated lesion might result in better overall disease control. In TARE_sorafenib subgroup, extrahepatic progression was common and pre-existing EHD could worsen disease control. Study on novel systemic therapy that is more potent than sorafenib might be required to improve treatment outcome in this group of patients.
Provenance and peer review: Invited article; Externally peer reviewed.
Peer-review model: Single blind
Specialty type: Gastroenterology and hepatology
Country/Territory of origin: United States
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P-Reviewer: Rodriguez-Fraile M S-Editor: Ma YJ L-Editor: A P-Editor: Ma YJ
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