Published online Oct 14, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i38.6465
Peer-review started: April 25, 2021
First decision: June 3, 2021
Revised: June 5, 2021
Accepted: August 27, 2021
Article in press: August 27, 2021
Published online: October 14, 2021
Synchronous liver metastasis (SLM) is an indicator of poor prognosis for co
To construct prediction models based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-radiomics and clinical parameters to evaluate the chemotherapy response in SLM of CRC.
A total of 102 CRC patients with 223 SLM lesions were identified and divided into disease response (DR) and disease non-response (non-DR) to chemotherapy. After standardizing the MRI images, the volume of interest was delineated and radiomics features were calculated. The MRI-radiomics logistic model was constructed after methods of variance/Mann-Whitney U test, correlation analysis, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator in feature selecting. The radiomics score was calculated. The receiver operating characteristics curves by the DeLong test were analyzed with MedCalc software to compare the validity of all models. Additionally, the area under curves (AUCs) of DWI, T2WI, and portal phase of contrast-enhanced sequences radiomics model (Ra-DWI, Ra-T2WI, and Ra-portal phase of contrast-enhanced sequences) were calculated. The radiomics-clinical nomogram was generated by combining radiomics features and clinical characteristics of CA19-9 and clinical N staging.
The AUCs of the MRI-radiomics model were 0.733 and 0.753 for the training (156 lesions with 68 non-DR and 88 DR) and the validation (67 lesions with 29 non-DR and 38 DR) set, respectively. Additionally, the AUCs of the training and the validation set of Ra-DWI were higher than those of Ra-T2WI and Ra-portal phase of contrast-enhanced sequences (training set: 0.652 vs 0.628 and 0.633, validation set: 0.661 vs 0.575 and 0.543). After chemotherapy, the top four of twelve delta-radiomics features of Ra-DWI in the DR group belonged to gray-level run-length matrices radiomics parameters. The radiomics-clinical nomogram containing radiomics score, CA19-9, and clinical N staging was built. This radiomics-clinical nomogram can effectively discriminate the patients with DR from non-DR with a higher AUC of 0.809 (95% confidence interval: 0.751-0.858).
MRI-radiomics is conducive to predict chemotherapeutic response in SLM patients of CRC. The radiomics-clinical nomogram, involving radiomics score, CA19-9, and clinical N staging is more effective in predicting chemotherapeutic response.
Core Tip: Synchronous liver metastasis (SLM) indicates poor prognosis for colorectal cancer. Nearly 50% of colorectal cancer patients develop hepatic metastasis, with 15%-25% of them presenting with SLM. It is beneficial to detect the response of SLM to chemotherapy. Magnetic resonance imaging-radiomics could provide a non-invasive approach to predict the risk of SLM. The logistic model of DWI sequence behaved the best in evaluating the chemotherapeutic response in SLM compared with T2WI, DWI, and portal phase of contrast-enhanced sequences. Moreover, the radiomics-clinical nomogram containing radiomics score, CA19-9, and clinical N staging is more effec
- Citation: Ma YQ, Wen Y, Liang H, Zhong JG, Pang PP. Magnetic resonance imaging-radiomics evaluation of response to chemotherapy for synchronous liver metastasis of colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27(38): 6465-6475
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v27/i38/6465.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i38.6465
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common malignancy worldwide[1], accounting for approximately one-third of cancer related deaths in western countries[2]. Nearly 50% of CRC patients developed hepatic metastasis throughout the course of disease, and 15%-25% of them were associated synchronous liver metastasis (SLM)[3]. SLM is confirmed as an indicator of poor prognosis for CRC, which was defined as a lesion identified within 90 d after the diagnosis of the primary tumor[4]. Currently, the standard guideline for the treatment of CRC patients with SLM remains un
Radiomics is a promising and non-invasive method to analyze conventional imaging features and incorporate them into predictive models to evaluate tumor behaviors[9]. Previous work has concluded that the nomogram combining radiomics and clinical factors exhibited favorable ability and accuracy in evaluating metastatic pulmonary nodules in CRC patients[10]. Analysis of liver texture is potentially a supplement to routine computed tomography examination and may provide prog
To the best of our knowledge, little attention has been paid to predict the response of chemotherapy in SLM patients. This retrospective study examined the emerging role of MRI-radiomics signature in order to detect the prediction efficiency of models in chemotherapeutic response of SLM patients and avoid ineffective chemotherapy.
This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board of our hospital. For the characteristics of retrospective study, formal written consent is not applicable. Research methods were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
A total of 102 CRC patients with 223 SLM lesions were identified from 2017 to 2020 in our hospital. SLM was a histopathologically confirmed intrahepatic lesion within 90 d of the diagnosis of CRC[4]. Inclusion criteria included: (1) Patients were histopathologically diagnosed as classical adenocarcinoma in CRC, excluding mucinous and signet ring adenocarcinoma[14]; (2) Patients have at least one SLM lesion; (3) For patients with multiple SLM lesions, the top three largest ones were selected to analyze; (4) Patients underwent baseline and 3 mo follow-up MRI examination after the start of chemotherapy; and (5) Patients underwent mFOLFOX7 chemotherapy regimen. Exclusion criteria included: (1) Patients underwent anti-tumor treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or transarterial chemoembolization before baseline MRI examinations; (2) Patients were diagnosed with CRC with biopsy but not with surgery; (3) History of other malignancies; and (4) Patients were diagnosed as mucinous or signet ring adenocarcinoma. The general characteristics involved gender, age, tumor markers, and clinical T/N staging were recorded. The tumor markers encompassed alpha-fetoprotein (normal range: 0.0-20.0 μg/L), carcinoembryonic antigen (normal range: 0.0-5.0 μg/L), and CA19-9 (normal range: 0.0-37.0 U/mL) that all were divided into normal and abnormal subgroups.
The response to chemotherapy was assessed after 3 mo from the start of chemo
All examinations were performed using 3.0-T MRI (Discovery 750, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, United States). The axial T2WI, DWI, and portal phase of contrast-enhanced sequences (CEPP) were taken. CE-MRI was performed with gadobenate dimeglumine being injected via a dual head pressure injector at a rate of 2 mL/s and followed by 20 mL saline flush at the same rate. Post-contrast image acquisition was done in the axial plane in arterial phase (AP), PP, and equilibrium phases (EP). The imaging parameters were as follows: T2WI (TR 10000-12000 ms, TE 85 ms; FOV 36 cm × 40 cm, matix 320 × 320, thickness 5.0 mm, interval 1.0 mm), CE (TR 3.7 ms, TE 2.2 ms; FA 12°, matix 260 × 260, thickness 5.0 mm, interval 1.0 mm, 0.2 mL/Kg), and DWI (TR 3500 ms, TE 75 ms; FOV 32 cm × 32 cm, matix 128 × 128, thickness 3.0 mm, interval 0.6 mm, b value 0 and 800 s/mm2).
The process of image standardization included resampling images into a 1.0 mm × 1.0 mm × 1.0 mm voxel size of X/Y/Z-spacing, denoising images by Gaussian, and normalizing the gray level of images to a scale from 1 to 32, which is automatically performed with the software of AK (Artificial Intelligence Kit, version 3.0.0, GE Healthcare).
Then, the three-dimensional volume of interest (VOI) was manually delineated in all the images by software of “ITK-SNAP” (version 3.4.0, http://www.itksnap.org/) by two radiologists with 9 and 12 years of experience in MRI diagnosis, respectively. Finally, the radiomics features of two radiologists were automatically calculated in AK software.
A total of 396 radiomics features were automatically calculated by AK software, including 42 histogram parameters, 54 texture parameters, 9 form factor parameters, 100 gray-level co-occurrence matrices parameters, 180 gray-level run-length matrices parameters (RLM), and 11 gray-level size zone matrices parameters. The specific description of radiomics features is presented in the Supplemental Material. These radiomics features have underlying relationships with pathophysiological characteristics[16], intracellular heterogeneity[17], as well as genotypes[18], and so on.
Five steps were carried out to select radiomics features. First, the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for all features by two radiologists was analyzed. Features with ICC greater than 0.80 were selected[19], and the mean values of radiomics features from two radiologists were calculated as robust features for further analysis. Second, we normalized the selected radiomics features by replacing the abnormal values with mean and converting the features into non-dimensional values via subtracting by mean and dividing by standard deviation value to eliminate discrepancies. Third, we randomly grouped the cohort into a training set and a validation set with a proportion of 7:3 (156 lesions in the training set with 68 non-DR and 88 DR lesions, 67 lesions in the validation set with 29 non-DR and 38 DR lesions). Fourth, we applied analysis of variance/Mann-Whitney U test, correlation analysis, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator to select optimal features. The specific explanation of the methods to select radiomics features is summarized in the Supplemental Material. Last, the MRI-radiomics logistic model to differentiate DR and non-DR patients was constructed in the training set and verified by the validation set. The workflow of the radiomics signature in differentiating DR and non-DR patients was illustrated in Figure 2.
The calibration curves were depicted to compare the consistency between predicted and actual ability to evaluate response to chemotherapy, accompanied by Hosmer-Lemeshow test. The receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed by DeLong test, and the area under curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate the validity of MRI-radiomics logistic models.
Analysis of variance/Mann-Whitney U test /MW, correlation analysis, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, the logistic model construction, the calibration curve establishment, and radiomics-clinical nomogram development were performed with R software V4.0.1 to select features that potentially predict chemotherapeutic response. The calibration curves were depicted with Hosmer-Lemeshow test to compare the consistency between predicted and actual ability of evaluating response of chemo
General information of patients were listed in Table 1. A total of 102 patients with 223 lesions were enrolled. There were 53 patients with 97 lesions in the non-DR group and 49 patients with 126 lesions in the DR group. The mean age of non-DR was 63.2 ± 9.5-years-old, and that of DR was 59.9 ± 11.6-years-old. In general, baseline demographics and tumor characteristics were balanced in the DR and non-DR groups, with exceptions of CA19-9 (P = 0.045) and clinical N staging (P = 0.030). Higher ratios of patients with normal CA19-9 levels were enrolled in the non-DR group (non-DR was 56.6% vs DR was 36.7%). In regard to clinical N staging, patients in the non-DR group primarily were staged to be N1 (52.8%), while stage N2 (73.5%) ranked the top in the DR group.
| General characteristics | non-DR, n = 53 | DR, n = 49 | P value |
| Demographics | |||
| Gender (female/male) | 28/25 | 17/32 | 0.065 |
| Age (mean ± SD) | 63.3 ± 11.1/63.2 ± 7.5 | 58.6 ± 11.2/59.7 ± 14.1 | 0.117 |
| Tumor markers | |||
| AFP (normal/abnormal) | 51/2 | 47/2 | 0.936 |
| CEA (normal/abnormal) | 14/39 | 14/35 | 0.807 |
| CA19-9 (normal/abnormal) | 30/23 | 18/31 | 0.045 |
| Clinical T/N staging | |||
| T1/T2/T3/T4 | 0/1/48/4 | 0/10/33/6 | 0.136 |
| N0/N1/N2 | 3/28/22 | 5/8/36 | 0.030 |
Among the total 1188 radiomics features from T2WI, DWI, and CEPP sequences of MRI examination, 893 features with ICC greater than 0.80 between two radiologists remained for the following analysis. After decreasing redundant features with the methods of analysis of variance/Mann-Whitney U test, correlation analysis, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, 12 features were selected to construct the MRI-radiomics logistic model for predicting responses of chemotherapy (Figure 3) and the radiomics score (rad-score) was calculated accordingly. The 12 optimal features included four DWI features , six T2WI features , and two CEPP features. The AUC of this model was 0.733 (95%CI, 0.656-0.800) in the training set and was 0.753 (95%CI, 0.633-0.849) in the validation set. The calibration curves showed good consistency in the predicted and the actual ability to evaluate chemotherapy responses in both training and validation sets. The non-significant Hosmer-Lemeshow test suggested goodness-of-fit for the MRI-radiomics logistic models in the training (P = 0.858) and validation (P = 0.374) set.
Furthermore, we also compared prediction efficiency in chemotherapeutic response between different radiomics models of single DWI, T2WI, or CEPP sequence (Ra-DWI, Ra-T2WI, Ra-CEPP). The AUCs of these models were listed in Table 2. The AUCs of the training set and validation set of Ra-DWI were 0.652 (95%CI, 0.571-0.726) and 0.661 (95%CI, 0.536-0.772), which were higher than those of Ra-T2WI and Ra-CEPP (Table 2). Then we compared the radiomics features of DWI between the baseline and after chemotherapy in the DR group. There were 105 lesions enrolled, as the post-chemotherapy images of another 21 lesions were not satisfactory. By features selection, 11 significant delta-radiomics features were left. The remaining features included histogram (Quantile 0.025), texture (ClusterShade_angle90_offset1), gray-level co-occurrence matrices Entropy (GLCMEntropy_angle135_offset7/_angle90_offset1, and differenceEntropy), RLM (LongRunHighGreyLevelEmphasis_AllDirection_ offset1_SD/_angle45_offset7, ShortRun Emphasis_angle45/90_offset1/HighGreyLevelEmphasis_angle90_offset7), and size zone variability. The top 4 of the 11 delta-radiomics features belonged to RLM parameters.
| Sequence | Training set | P value | Validation set | P value |
| Ra-DWI | 0.652 (95%CI, 0.571-0.726) | 0.001 | 0.661 (95%CI, 0.536-0.772) | 0.018 |
| Ra-T2WI | 0.628 (95%CI, 0.547-0.704) | 0.005 | 0.575 (95%CI, 0.450-0.695) | 0.291 |
| Ra-CEPP | 0.633 (95%CI, 0.552-0.709) | 0.003 | 0.543 (95%CI, 0.418-0.664) | 0.544 |
For clinical characteristics, tumor marker CA19-9 (P = 0.045) and clinical N staging (P = 0.030) were demonstrated to be statistically different between DR and non-DR groups. Thus, CA19-9 and clinical N staging, together with rad-score were integrated into the logistic model to construct the radiomics-clinical nomogram (Figure 4). The formula of the logistic model was: Y = -2.141 + 1.018 × [rad-score] + 0.893 × [CA19-9] + 1.042 × [N staging]. The AUC of the radiomics-clinical nomogram was 0.809 (95%CI, 0.751-0.858).
The standardized treatment for SLM patients is unascertained, and early detection of patients with DR or non-DR is crucial for personalized treatment planning. In order to predict patients’ responses to chemotherapy, we generated a MRI-radiomics based model in this study. The AUC of this model was 0.733 in the training set and was 0.753 in the validation set. Non-significant Hosmer-Lemeshow test and the calibration curve of the MRI-radiomics model showed good consistency between the predicted and actual probability. Although the AUC value was not ideal enough, the non-invasive MRI examination is still beneficial to differentiate non-DR and DR in clinical practice. There were 156 lesions with 68 non-DR and 88 DR lesions in the training set and 12 radiomics features to construct MR-radiomics logistic model. The sample size of the logistic model often relies on an events per predictor variable[20]. Vittinghoff et al[21] conducted a large simulation study of other influences on relative bias, confidence interval coverage, and type I error and found that the events per predictor variable between 5 to 9 could achieve acceptable results. In our study, the events per predictor variable were 5.7 in non-DR group and were 7.3 in the DR group, which were both in the range of 5 to 9. Therefore we believed that the MRI-radiomics model based on 156 lesions in the training set was valid.
As for the selection of MRI sequences, a recent investigation in reproducibility and robustness of MRI radiomics has suggested that caution should be taken in the interpretation of clinical studies using T1WI features to delineate VOI[22]. Meanwhile, after making some attempt in the exploration stage, we realized that it was difficult and inaccurate to depict VOI in AP and EP of CE sequence. Thus, we selected DWI, T2WI, and PP of CE sequences to do future research. Features with ICC more than 0.80 identified by two radiologists were selected, and the mean values of selected features were calculated as robust features for further analysis. After comparing the predictive efficiency between Ra-DWI, Ra-T2WI, and Ra-CEPP, Ra-DWI demonstrated out
After comparing the delta-radiomics of DR between baseline and post-chemo
The nomogram of incorporated independent risk factors for clinical events, such as differentiation[26], survival[27], and recurrence[28], has been widely applied in the field of oncology. The radiomics-clinical nomogram contained rad-score, CA19-9, and clinical N staging demonstrated better predictive accuracy compared with MRI-radiomics signature (AUC: 0.809 vs 0.733 in the training set, and 0.753 in the validation set). In patients with SLM, elevation of CA19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen is a prognostic indicator and can predict response to treatment[29]. A previous study identified that CA19-9 was the best prognostic indicator of metastatic CRC[30] and also was a significant prognostic indicator for CRC patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy[29]. Similar to a previous study[31], we demonstrated that more patients (63.3%) with DR had elevated levels of CA19-9 than those with non-DR (43.4%), suggesting that CA19-9 was a promising indicator for predicting response to chemotherapy (P < 0.05). A study by Märkl et al[32] illustrated that lymph node staging played a significant role in prognosis evaluation and treatment stratification for CRC. In the current study, we confirmed that clinical N staging had a correlation to chemotherapeutic response. Taken together, the proposed radiomics-clinical no
Our study had several limitations. First, we only took PP of CE for analysis since the lesions in AP and EP of CE sequence were not visible enough for VOI segmentation. An automatic segmentation method to deal with the AP/EP images remains to be developed. Second, this is a single center study, and the prediction models should be further verified in other centers and in a larger cohort. Third, the inevitable flaw may occur in this retrospective study since the histopathological grade and clinical characteristics of selected patients may be unbalanced. Fourth, as for the criteria for eva
In conclusion, our study indicated that the MRI-radiomics logistic model was a helpful and non-invasive predictor for differentiating patients with non-DR from DR. Ra-DWI was more efficient in distinguishing patients with non-DR from DR than that of Ra-T2WI and Ra-CEPP, and the RLM parameter of Ra-DWI was superior in reflecting the delta-radiomics after chemotherapy. Furthermore, the radiomics-clinical nomogram based on the MRI-radiomics signature and clinical factors of CA19-9 and clinical N staging is conducive to better predict non-DR and DR of SLM patients and provides a theoretical and practical basis for the choice of treatment strategies.
Synchronous liver metastasis (SLM) frequently occurs in colorectal cancer (CRC). Nearly 50% of CRC patients develop hepatic metastasis, with 15%-25% of them presenting with SLM. The evaluation of SLM in CRC is crucial for a precise and personalized treatment.
To construct prediction models based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-ra
A total of 102 patients with 223 SLM lesions were identified and divided into disease response (DR) and disease non-response (non-DR) to chemotherapy.
The MRI-radiomics logistic models containing T2WI, DWI, and portal phase of dynamic contrast-enhanced sequences radiomics models (Ra-T2WI, Ra-DWI and Ra-portal phase of dynamic contrast-enhanced sequences) were constructed after methods of feature dimension, and the respective radiomics score was calculated. Then radiomics-clinical nomogram was generated by combining radiomics score, CA19-9, and clinical N staging.
The AUCs of the training and validation set of Ra-DWI were 0.652 and 0.661, which were higher than those of Ra-T2WI and Ra-portal phase of dynamic contrast-enhanced sequences. After chemotherapy, the top four delta-radiomics features of Ra-DWI in DR group belonged to gray-level run-length matrices parameters. The radiomics-clinical nomogram was built with an AUC of 0.809 and can effectively discriminate the patients with DR from non-DR.
MRI-radiomics is conducive to predict chemotherapeutic response in SLM patients. The Ra-DWI logistic model behaved the best in differentiating DR and non-DR. Run-length matrices parameters of Ra-DWI were more sensitive to reflect the delta-radiomics after chemotherapy. The radiomics-clinical nomogram is more effective in predicting chemotherapeutic response.
This study provides new insights into the potential ability of MRI-radiomics in evaluating chemotherapeutic response in SLM patents. The MRI-radiomics features combined with clinical characteristics is more effective in evaluation.
Manuscript source: Unsolicited manuscript
Specialty type: Gastroenterology and hepatology
Country/Territory of origin: China
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P-Reviewer: Soucisse ML S-Editor: Wu YXJ L-Editor: Filipodia P-Editor: Yuan YY
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