Para-aortic node involvement is not an independent predictor of survival after resection for pancreatic cancer

Abstract

AIM

To analyze the importance of para-aortic node status in a series of patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) in a single Institution.

METHODS

Between January 2000 and December 2012, 151 patients underwent PD with para-aortic node dissection for pancreatic adenocarcinoma in our Institution. Patients were divided into two groups: patients with negative PALNs (PALNs-), and patients with metastatic PALNs (PALNs+). Pathologic factors, including stage, nodal status, number of positive nodes and lymph node ratio, invasion of para-aortic nodes, tumor’s grading, and radicality of resection were studied by univariate and multivariate analysis. Survival curves were constructed with Kaplan-Meier method and compared with Log-rank test: significance was considered as P < 0.05.

RESULTS

A total of 107 patients (74%) had nodal metastases. Median number of pathologically assessed lymph nodes was 26 (range 14-63). Twenty-five patients (16.5%) had para-aortic lymph node involvement. Thirty-three patients (23%) underwent R1 pancreatic resection. One-hundred forty-one patients recurred and died for tumor recurrence, one is alive with recurrence, and 9 are alive and free of disease. Overall survival was significantly influenced by grading (P = 0.0001), radicality of resection (P = 0.001), stage (P = 0.03), lymph node status (P = 0.04), para-aortic nodes metastases (P = 0.02). Multivariate analysis showed that grading was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (P = 0.0001), while grading (P = 0.0001) and radicality of resection (P = 0.01) were prognostic parameters for disease-free survival. Number of metastatic nodes, node ratio, and para-aortic nodes involvement were not independent predictors of disease-free and overall survival.

CONCLUSION

In this experience, lymph node status and para-aortic node metastases were associated with poor survival at univariate analysis, but they were not independent prognostic factors.

Key Words: Lymphadenectomy; Pancreas; Pancreatic cancer; Pancreatectomy; Lymph node metastasis; Para-aortic nodes; Survival

Core tip: Para-aortic node involvement by pancreatic cancer is traditionally considered as an advanced disease with poor prognosis. We retrospectively examined our experience of 151 patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent resection and para-aortic lymph nodes sampling. Disease-free and overall survival were worse in patients with para-aortic nodes metastases, but multivariate analysis showed that para-aortic node involvement is not an independent prognostic factor after resection of pancreatic cancer. So, the decision to make pancreatic resection should not be based on the para-aortic node status only.

INTRODUCTION

Pancreatic cancer remains a very aggressive disease with an overall 5-year survival of only 5%[1]. Surgical resection followed by adjuvant therapy continues to be the treatment of choice for localized, resectable tumors. Lymph nodes status is traditionally one of the most important prognostic factor for patients who underwent resection for pancreatic cancer[2], but the extent of lymphadenectomy in pancreatic cancer surgery is still debated[3,4]. Moreover, the total number of removed nodes and lymph node ratio were recently reported as important indicators of prognosis after surgery[5]. Para-aortic nodes involvement (PALNs) is generally considered as metastatic disease, and resection is not recommended[6,7]. However, some Author reported survival benefit after surgery even when para-aortic nodes were involved by the tumors; so, the real impact of PALNs involvement in pancreatic cancer patients is still controversial[8]. Aim of this study was to evaluate early and late outcome of pancreatic cancer patients who underwent pancreatectomy with sampling of para-aortic nodes, No. 16b1 according to the Japan Pancreas Society classification[9].

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data were obtained from a retrospective analysis of a prospective data base of patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) or total pancreatectomy with PALNs sampling between January 2000 to December 2012 in our Department. During the study period, 340 patients underwent PD for pancreatic neoplasms: after excluding IPMNs, endocrine tumors, cystic neoplasms, pancreatic metastasis, duodenal, ampullary, and bile duct cancers, 176 patients underwent PD for ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Of these, twenty-five patients who underwent resection after performing chemotherapy or chemoradiation for locally advanced pancreatic cancer in outside setting, were excluded from the study. Finally, 151 patients with pancreatic carcinoma were enrolled in this analysis. They were divided into two groups: patients with negative PALNs (PALNs-), and patients with metastatic PALNs (PALNs+). The two groups were compared in term of demographic features, comorbidities, surgical procedures, perioperative findings, tumor pathological characteristics, perioperative outcomes, disease-free and overall survival. All patients underwent standardized preoperative assessment: routine blood tests and tumor markers CEA and CA19-9 determination, abdominal ultrasound (US), computed assisted tomography (CT) scan, and when needed, Magnetic Resonance Imaging or positron emission tomography (PET). CT with angiographic reconstruction was the preferred imaging for tumor’s staging. All surgical procedures were performed by the same surgical team. Limited involvement of superior mesenteric-portal axis (less than 2 cm), in absence of extrapancreatic disease and involvement of superior mesenteric artery and/or celiac trunk, was not considered as contraindication to surgery. No patient underwent neoadjuvant therapy. Nomenclature of the Japanese Pancreas Society was selected for nodal stations in pancreatic surgery[9]. Resection of the pancreas included pylorus-preserving PD for tumors of the head of the pancreas and total pancreatectomy when resection margin of the pancreas was involved by the tumor, or when pancreatic anastomosis was judged at high risk of leakage. All patients underwent standard lymph node dissection (5, 6, 8a, 12b1, 12b2, 12c, 13a, 13b, 14a and 14b right lateral side, 17a, 17b) and para-aortic sampling. Para-aortic nodes were excised by harvesting the lymphocellular aortocaval tissue located below the left renal vein until the origin of inferior mesenteric artery (station 16b1)[9]. Curative resection was defined as tumor’s resection with pathologically confirmed negative margins. R1 resection was defined as the presence of tumor ≤ 1mm from the margin, according to Leeds criteria[10]. Tumor was staged according to UICC (TNM) classification[11]. Perioperative morbidity and mortality were investigated in both groups: operative mortality was defined as death within 30 d from operation, or during hospitalization. Pancreatic fistula was defined as the drainage of fluid with an elevated level of amylase, and graded according to the International Study Group of Pancreatic Fistula recommendations[12]. Age, stage, lymph-node status, number of positive lymph nodes (< 3 or > 3), lymph node ratio (number of metastatic/total number of lymph nodes), para-aortic node status, grading, and radicality of resection were recorded as potentially prognostic factors. Operative morbidity, mortality, disease-free and overall survival were analyzed. All patients underwent regular follow-up that included physical examination, abdominal CT or US, tumor markers determination every 3 mo for the first 2 years, and every 6 mo, thereafter. Adjuvant gemcitabine-based chemotherapy was scheduled for all patients whenever applicable.

Statistical analysis

The χ² test or Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison among the two groups. Survival curves were constructed with the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the univariate Log-rank test: significance was considered as P < 0.05. Tumor’s stage, grading, lymph node status, number of metastatic lymph nodes, lymph node ratio, para-aortic node involvement and radicality of resection, were considered as prognostic factors. Independent prognostic variables were evaluated with a Cox regression hazard model. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical software package (version 18.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States).

RESULTS

During the study period, 340 patients underwent PD for pancreatic neoplasms: after excluding IPMNs, endocrine tumors, cystic neoplasms, pancreatic metastasis, duodenal, ampullary, and bile duct cancers, 176 patients underwent PD for ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Of these, twenty-five patients who underwent resection after performing chemotherapy or chemoradiation for locally advanced pancreatic cancer in outside setting, were excluded from the study. Finally, 151 consecutive patients with pancreatic carcinoma. underwent PD with para-aortic node sampling, and were enrolled in this analysis: there were 76 males and 75 females with a mean age of 65.4 years (range 31-85). Their clinical and pathological characteristics are summarized in Table 1. One hundred and twelve patients (74%) had lymph node metastasis: median number of pathologically assessed lymph nodes was 26 (range 14-63). Para-aortic nodes metastases were detected in 25 patients (16.5%): all these patients had positive lymph nodes (P = 0.003), and they significantly underwent a lower rate of non-radical resection (P = 0.009). Mean number of dissected para-aortic nodes was 5 (range 1-15). There was no operative mortality in this series, while overall morbidity rate was 41%: complications rate was not different between PALNs+ and PALNs- patients (41% and 39%, respectively), as well as pancreatic fistula rate (16% and 17%, respectively). Reoperation rate was not different in the two groups (5% and 6%, respectively). Ninety-five percent of PALNs- patients and all patients with PALNs+ underwent postoperative Gemcitabine-based adjuvant therapy.

Table 1 Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics of patients with or without para-aortic nodesinvolvement.

	Total(n = 151)	PALNs-(n = 126)	PALNs+(n = 25)	P value
Mean/median age	65/67	65/66	65/68
Sex
F	75	59	16	0.13
M	76	67	9
Type of surgery
PD	146	122	24	1.00
TP	5	4	1
Vascular resection	29	21	8	0.09
Tumor (T)
1	6	6	0	0.50
2	17	14	3	1.00
3	107	90	17	0.80
4	21	16	5	0.50
Nodes status (N)
Neg	39	39	0	0.003
Pos	112	87	25
Grading (G)
1	15	11	4	0.20
2	89	77	12	0.20
3	47	38	9	0.60
Radicality
Yes	113	100	13	0.009
No	38	26	12
Adjuvant therapy
Yes	143	120	23	0.74
No	8	6	0

PALNs: Para-aortic lymph nodes; PD: Pancreaticoduodenectomy; TP: Total pancreatectomy; Grading 1, 2, 3: Well, moderate, poor differentiated cancer.

Univariate analysis

Results of univariate analysis are reported in Tables 2 and 3. Poor tumor differentiation (P < 0.0001), lymph node status, high tumor’s stage, para-aortic node involvement and margin involvement were associated with poor survival, while grading margin involvement and PALNS+ significantly influenced disease-free survival. In this experience, the number of involved lymph nodes (< 3 or > 3) and the lymph node ratio did not impact survival outcome. Median overall and disease-free survival time were significantly longer in patients with PALNs- compared to patients with PALNs+: 25 mo vs 19 mo, P = 0.02 (Figure 1A) and 12 mo vs 8 mo, P = 0.005 (Figure 1B), respectively. When the patients analyzed for grading were stratified according to PALNs involvement, PALNs metastasis was related to survival only in G1-G2 differentiated cancers, both for overall (P = 0.02) (Figure 2A) and disease-free survival (P = 0.004) (Figure 2B).

Figure 1 Comparison of overall survival (A) and disease-free survival (B) curves between patients with or without para-aortic nodes involvement. PALNs: Para-aortic lymph nodes.

Table 2 Univariate overall survival analysis of prognostic factors for patients with pancreatic cancer.

	Mean survival time (mo) (95%CI)	Median survival time (mo) (95%CI)	P value
Grading (G)
1-2	39.55 (32.36-46.74)	24.00 (19.87-28.13)	< 0.001
3	16.42 (12.86-19.98)	14.00 (12.57-15.43)
Radicality
R0	35.88 (29.46-42.31)	22.00 (18.36-25.64)	0.004
R1	19.99 (12.62-27.38)	13.00 (11.45-14.55)
Stage
I-II	34.82 (28.47-41.18)	21.00 (17.79-24.21)	0.03
III-IV	23.29 (14.70-31.87)	14.00 (11.40-16.59)
Lymph nodes status
Neg	43.29 (30.37-56.21)	25.00 (17.055-32.95)	0.04
Pos	27.27 (22.52-32.02)	18.00 (14.65-21.35)
Number of positive lymph nodes
< 3	26.62 (20.87-32.35)	19.00 (13.09-24.90)	0.74
> 3	28.39 (20.04-36.74)	17.00 (12.93-21.07)
Lymph node ratio
≤ 0.13	31.31 (23.69-38.93)	20.00 (15.57-24.43)	0.28
0.13-0.2	25.11 (13.23-36.99)	14.00 (9.87-18.13)
> 0.2	23.29 (16.98-29.61)	18.00 (14.57-21.43)
Para-aortic lymph nodes status
Neg	42.06 (29.22-54.89)	25.00 (17.17-32.83)	0.02
Pos	27.27 (22.54-32.02)	18.00 (14.64-21.35)

Grading 1-2: Well-moderately differentiated cancer; Grading 3: Poor differentiated cancer.

Figure 2 Comparison of overall survival (A) and disease-free survival (B) curves between patients with PALNs+ and PALNs- in the subgroup of G1-G2 grade cancer. PALNs: Para-aortic lymph nodes.

Table 3 Univariate disease-free survival analysis of prognostic factors for patients with pancreatic cancer.

	Mean DFI time (mo) (95%CI)	Median DFI time (mo) (95%CI)	P value
Grading (G)
1-2	32.438 (24.808-40.068)	13.000 (8.597-17.403)	< 0.01
3	10.438 (8.011-12.865)	8.000 (7.183-8.817)
Radicality
R0	29.886 (22.892-36.880)	12.000 (9.280-14.720)	0.001
R1	12.708 (6.744-18.671)	8.000 (6.256-9.744)
Staging
I-II	27.222 (20.732-33.711)	12.000 (9.814-14.186)	0.126
III-IV	19.772 (9.939-29.604)	8.000 (6.976-9.0224)
Lymph nodes status
Neg	34.386 (20.868-47.904)	13.000 (9.523-16.477)	0.106
Pos	21.468 (16.504-26.432)	10.000 (7.686-12.314)
Number of positive lymph nodes
< 3	30.817 (21.628-40.006)	10.000 (6.746-13.254)	0.150
> 3	20.326 (14.615-26.036)	11.000 (8.082-13.918)
lymph node ratio
≤ 0.13	30.576 (22.593-38.560)	12.000 (9.211-14.789)	0.155
0.13-0.2	17.500 (5.595-29.405)	8.000 (6.614-9.366)
> 0.2	17.397 (11.191-23.603)	13.000 (8.840-17.160)
Para-aortic lymph nodes status
Neg	28.206 (21.656-34.756)	12.000 (9.808-14.192)	0.005
Pos	11.957 (6.132-17.781)	8.000 (6.853-9.147)

DFI: Disease-free survival; Grading 1-2: Well-moderately differentiated cancer; Grading 3: Poor differentiated cancer.

Multivariate analysis

Multivariate analysis showed that tumor differentiation was the only independent predictor of long-term survival (Table 4), while grading and margin involvement were independent prognostic factors for disease-free survival (Table 4). When lymph node status, lymph node ratio, and margin involvement were excluded from multivariate analysis, grading was confirmed to be the only independent predictor of disease-free and overall survival (P < 0.0001).

Table 4 Multivariate analysis for overall survival and disease-free survival in 151 patients resected for pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

	Overall survival		Disease-free survival
	HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value
Grading	2.518 (1.677-3.780)	0.000	2.266 (1.498-3.428)	0.000
Stage	1.137 (0.676-1.915)	0.628	0.960 (0.570-1.615)	0.877
PALNs status	1.376 (0.776-2.441)	0.275	1.519 (0.869-2.656)	0.143

PALNs: Para-aortic node status.

Follow-up

One hundred and seventeen patients with PALNs- experienced tumor’s recurrence. Among them, 14 were long-term survivors (> 5-years) (11%): 5 died for recurrent tumor and 9 are still alive without disease. Two patients with PALNs+ (8%) survived more than five years after operation: one died for local and lung recurrences 65 mo after PD associated with venous resection, and one is alive with lung metastases 70 mo after surgery.

DISCUSSION

In our experience of 151 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma who had undergone PD and para-aortic lymph node sampling, the involvement of PALNs has been shown in 16.5% of patients, in the range previously reported by other studies (10.4-29.4, mean 17.8%)[4]. PALNs metastasis was associated with more advanced disease (lymph node metastases and non-radical resection) and with poorer disease-free and overall survival. However, multivariate analysis of prognostic factors showed that only poor grade differentiation of the tumor and non-radical resection were associated with poor long-term outcome. Para-aortic node metastasis was not independent predictor of disease-free and overall survival, showing that para-aortic nodes involvement cannot be considered an absolute contraindication to pancreatic resection in pancreatic cancer patients. This is in contrast with the traditional thought that when positive para-aortic nodes have been detected, a systemic disease may occur, and surgical resection should be abandoned[13-16]. On the other hand, extended lymphadenectomy failed the target of prolonging long term survival after PD for pancreatic head cancer[17-20].

There are increasing reports of long-term survival after resection of pancreatic cancer with PALNS+[6,7,21,22], and, based on other prognostic parameters, more selective surgical indication has been suggested. Nappo et al[23] prospectively evaluated 135 patients undergoing PD and PALNs dissection, and found that survival of patients with PALNs+ seems to be comparable to that of patients with other lymph nodes involvement: the presence of PALNs+ should be not considered an absolute contraindication to radical surgery. Multivariate survival analysis of N16+ pancreatic cancer patients has been performed by several Authors in order to identify which patients with PALNs+ may benefit from resection. Tumor size[21,24], tumor differentiation[24], and absence of venous infiltration[21] have been identified as independent prognostic factors. Moreover, adjuvant chemotherapy has been shown to significantly improve the survival of patients with para-aortic lymph node metastasis[25-27]. Recently, Sho et al[28] reported a multicentric retrospective analysis of 822 patients who underwent pancreatic resection with pathological evaluation of PALNs for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: metastatic PALNs were associated with poorer survival, but PALNs metastasis did not have a significant prognostic value at multivariate analysis. Some patients with metastatic PALNs may survive for longer than expected after pancreatectomy. There are two recent meta-analysis evaluating the prognostic impact of positive para-aortic nodes in pancreatic cancer patients. Paiella et al[29] collected 2141 patients (17% with PALNs+) from 13 eligible studies published in the Literature (most retrospective studies): PALNs metastasis was associated with poor prognosis, but the definitive avoidance of the resection when PALNs+ are detected intraoperatively, needs further investigations. More recently, Agalianos et al[8], reviewed 10 retrospective and 2 prospective non randomized studies including 2467 patients. Although, involvement of PALNs was associated with decreased survival, the existence of long term survivors among the subgroup of patients with positive para-aortic nodes, requires further evaluation in order to identify factors conditioning more favorable outcome.

Limitations of our study include its retrospective design, the relative small number of patients with PALNs metastasis, and the change of medical treatment of recurrent tumor that eventually occurred in the study period.

Another critical point is the type of para-aortic nodes dissection to be performed, since it is not always reported or appears different in several reports. Japan Pancreas Society[9] distinguish four subgroups of para-aortic lymph nodes: stations 16a1, 16a2, 16b1 and 16b2, from the aortic hiatus to the aortic bifurcation. We routinely dissect station 16b1 because it is easy to perform after Kocher’s maneuver and it does not increase the postoperative morbidity. Although some members of the International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery resect 16b1, because they include it in the resection plane, no strong recommendation could be formulated on dissecting 16b1 routinely[30]. In the literature, there are not adequate data on the number of lymph nodes removed, and their metastasis rate within the subgroups 16a1, 16a2, 16b1 and 16 b2. However, Kayahara et al[6] reported that all positive lymph nodes were located in the 16M region that corresponds to 16a2 and 16b1 stations. Nappo et al[23] performed 16a2 and 16b1 nodes dissection, and found 11.1% overall rate of para-aortic nodal metastases. Furthermore, Schwarz et al[16] harvested a 5-cm portion of the lymphocellular aortocaval tissue located below the left renal vein (16b1 station). The mean ± SD number of identified para-aortic nodes per patient was 4.5 ± 1.1 in the node-positive group and 2.9 ± 1.3 in the node negative group. So, complete 16b1 dissection seems to be adequate for a better tumor staging and should be included in a standard lymphadenectomy[4].

In conclusion, our study confirms that para-aortic node metastatic rate is relevant in pancreatic cancer patients. Survival is significantly decreased in patients with PALNs+, but PALNs involvement is not independent predictor of survival in these patients. Further large, prospective, multicentric studies are necessary to definitively determine the real role of PALNs involvement after resection for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. At the moment, it appears that the decision to perform pancreatic resection should not be taken on the basis of para-aortic lymph node status only.

COMMENTS

Background

Lymph nodes status is traditionally one of the most important prognostic factor for patients who underwent resection for pancreatic cancer. Para-aortic node involvement (PALNs) by pancreatic cancer is generally considered as metastatic disease, and resection is not recommended. However, some Author reported survival benefit after surgery even when para-aortic nodes were involved by the tumors; so, the real impact of PALNs involvement in pancreatic cancer patients is still controversial.

Research frontiers

Aim of this study was to evaluate early and late outcome of pancreatic cancer patients who underwent pancreatectomy with sampling of para-aortic nodes. The authors retrospectively examined our experience of 151 patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent resection and para-aortic lymph nodes sampling. Data were obtained from a retrospective analysis of a prospective data base of patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy or total pancreatectomy with para-aortic node (PALNs) sampling between January 2000 to December 2012 in the authors’ Department. They were divided into two groups: patients with negative PALNs (PALNs-), and patients with metastatic PALNs (PALNs+). The two groups were compared in term of demographic features, comorbidities, surgical procedures, perioperative findings, tumor pathological characteristics, perioperative outcomes, disease-free and overall survival.

Innovations and breakthroughs

In this experience, disease-free and overall survival were worse in patients with para-aortic nodes metastases, but multivariate analysis showed that para-aortic node involvement is not an independent prognostic factor after resection of pancreatic cancer. In fact, multivariate analysis of prognostic factors showed that only poor grade differentiation of the tumor and non-radical resection were associated with poor long-term outcome. Para-aortic node metastasis was not independent predictor of disease-free and overall survival, showing that para-aortic nodes involvement cannot be considered an absolute contraindication to pancreatic resection in pancreatic cancer patients. This is in contrast with the traditional thought that when positive para-aortic nodes have been detected, a systemic disease may occur, and surgical resection should be abandoned. So, the decision to make pancreatic resection should not be based on the para-aortic node status only.

Applications

This study confirms that para-aortic node metastatic rate is relevant in pancreatic cancer patients. Survival is significantly decreased in patients with PALNs+, but PALNs involvement is not independent predictor of survival in these patients. Further large, prospective, multicentric studies are necessary to definitively determine the real role of PALNs involvement after resection for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. At the moment, it appear that the decision to perform pancreatic resection should not be taken on the basis of para-aortic lymph node status only.

Terminology

In this study we have evaluated the presence of PALNs in patients operated on for pancreatic head adenocarcinoma. Patients were divided in two groups: patients with negative PALNs (PALNs-), and patients with metastatic PALNs (PALNs+).

Peer-review

This is a good study worthy of publication and reports 151 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The histological data on resection margins, lymph node status, etc. is reproducible across other data sets. The authors have chosen to concentrate on the presence or absence of LN metastases in the para-aortic lymph node groups. In doing so they have inevitably ended with very small sub-set analysis from which it is difficult to make firm conclusions.